FIFA Ballon d’Or. Predictions and Media Impact Analysis

Zurich, 7 January 2013, FIFA Headquarters. The best football player of the season 2011/12 will be announced and will be awarded with the FIFA Ballon d’Or 2012.

The 23 football players short list was reduced to three finalists on 29 November 2012: Cristiano Ronaldo (Real Madrid, Spanish Liga), Andrés Iniesta (FC Barcelona, Spanish League) and Leo Messi (FC Barcelona, Spanish League). (FIFA official web site)

UPDATE 7 January 2013. Leo Messi wins his fourth Ballon d’Or. Additional info at the end of this post.

Leo Messi, the favourite candidate, based in media value analysis

In a previous post in this site, by June 2012, we predicted that Leo Messi was the main favourite to win the award. Our prediction was established based in the strong relationship between our estimations of media value during the season and the award winning player.

We publish a report every season since 2006 presenting the list of top football players in the world based in global media impact (printed news coverage). This is the top 10 list of season 2011/12.

As we explained in that post, being named the most powerful football player in the world in terms of media impact is not just a matter of pride and satisfaction for Leo Messi, for his club FC Barcelona and for Argentina. As news are like votes for sport talent and performance, becoming the number one during a whole season is an indirect way to say thay journalists all over the world consider that Leo Messi is the best player in the world right now.

In coherence with this hypothesis, we find that in the last four seasons, the football player identified by MRI Universidad de Navarra as the most valuable player eventualy was awarded later as the Ballon d’Or (now FIFA Ballon d’Or), the most prestigious individual award in football. If this is true this next season, our prediction is that Leo Messi will win his fourth Ballon d’Or in January 2013.

Leo Messi, the favourite candidate, based in betting odds

Since June 2012,  when we published this analysis, Leo Messi has performed an incredible start of the season, establishing new world records concerning goals scored during a natural year. His 91 goals set the new reference. Previous top marks were established by Gerd Müller (Bayern Munich and German team, 1972; 85 goals) and Pelé (Santos FC and Brazil team, 1958: 66 goals). This extraordinary performance has strongly increased his favoritism to win his fourth Ballon d’Or.

For instance, online betting sites are predicting as implicit winning chances:

  • Leo Messi: 79.5%
  • Cristiano Ronaldo: 11.5%
  • Andrés Iniesta: 9%

This is the average of implicit odds taken by WilliamHill and Bwin (retrieved by 3 January 2013.

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Leo Messi, the favourite candidate, based in surveys in Spanish newspapers

The designation of the winner if the FIFA Ballon d’Or is almost becoming a ‘question d’Etat’ in Spain, as all three finalists play in the Spanish League; it affects archrival clubs Real Madrid and Barcelona; it includes an Spaniard, Andrés Iniesta, who is also the current champion in the UEFA Europe Championship, and it opposed the two  megastars of the current generation of football players Cristiano Ronaldo and Leo Messi, both counting already with the Ballon d’Or trophy.

Some months ago the battle appeared somehow more open than now, as opposed to the brilliant individual performance of Leo Messi, Cristiano Ronaldo had also excellent individual number plus a relevant team success as Spanish Liga winner. During the last months there has been an intense ‘campaign’ in the media both in Madrid in Barcelona showing the merits of local player.

As Leo Messi has accumulated astonoshing personal sporting perfomance these last months, the intensity of the campaign has decreased, but of course, many journalists in Madrid and elsewere consider that Cristiano Ronaldo deserves to win his second Ballon d’Or.

In order to tackle the sentiments by football followers both in Madrid and Barcelona, we have monitored some open online polls launched by newspapers asking readers about who will win or deserve to win the FIFA Ballon d’Or. It is evident that as the newspapers are open to all, Real Madrid followers can vote in newspaperd from Barcelona and the other way round. But in average, there will be more pro Real Madrid readers and voters in newspapers in Madrid, and pro FC Barcelona readers in newspapers in Barcelona. Results should show the typical home club bias, but we can learn about current sentiment by merging all results.

We present first result concerning polls in newspapers in Madrid. It corresponds to sport newspapers Marca, AS and Punto Pelota program. Total votes:344.228. We present simple non weighted averages.

In Madrid. Who will win the ballon d’Or?

1. Leo Messi: 53.4%

2. Cristiano Ronaldo: 26.4%

3. Andrés Iniesta: 20.5%

Results from newspapers in Barcelona (La Vanguardia and sport newspapers Sport, Mundo Deportivo). Total votes: 31.076.

In Barcelona. Who will win the Ballon d’Or:

1. Leo Messi: 69.7%

2. Andrés Iniesta: 17.5%

3. Cristiano Ronaldo: 12.5%

Average results Barcelona & Madrid (unweighted)

1. Leo Messi: 61.5%

2. Cristiano Ronaldo: 19.4%

3. Andrés Iniesta: 19%

The results show that Leo Messi is clearly perceived as the favorite to win his fourth Ballon d’Or, both by readers in Madrid and Barcelona. He has a wide favorable gap against the other contenders.

All our prediction measures annunce Leo Messi as winner. If any one else becomes the winner, this will be a big surprise.

Media Impact of FIFA Ballon d’Or: 2011 Results

FIFA Ballon d’Or is the result of the merger of the prestigious Ballon d’Or award, organized by the football magazine France Football, and the FIFA Player of the Year award.

There are many other fooball awards, but FIFA Ballon d’Or is the leading reference in prestige and impact.

We have shown in all our football media value reports that global media value is the key factor determining the commercial power of the football players as brands. There is a direct relationship between our measures of media value and income (salaries and sponsorship deals). There is also a direct relationship beetwen footballer media value and transfert market value.

Winning the FIFA Ballon d’Or is the consecration of the career of any top football player. It means prestige and worldwinde recognition. But it also means a huge direct media impact driven by the winning announcement. This sudden sharp increase of media coverage means then also a direct impact in increasing the media value of the player and the commercial value as a brand.

We present here some references already published in the past concerning the measurement of the media impact produced by the FIFA Ballon d’Or award. It refers to 2011 edition. The award was won by Leo Messi. You can access here to the report (complete report pdf, in Spanish; summary in English)

There are also other awards given at FIFA gala: best coach, best female player, best goal…

First figure shows that the award to best male football player captures the media attention. Our data say that if we take as value 100 total number of news references to FIFA awards, Leo Messi takes 46 points. Inter Milan coach (now at Real Madrid) José Mourinho just takes 16 points. Best female football player, Marta, just gets 1.1 points of media attention.

media impact fifa ballon d'or prizes messi mourhinho marta prizes

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The media power of FIFA Ballon d’Or. A way to show its impact is to compare the media impact of these awards again other awards.

FIFA Ballon d’Or Vs Laureus

We compare first againts the ‘Laureus Word Sport Awards’. They were established in 1999. It includes all sport disciplines.  There are no football players awarded as ‘Sportman of the year’: 7 from tennis, 2 golf, athletics and Formula One. Spanish tennis player Rafael Nadal won 2011 Laureus award.

Our results show that there is no point of comparison concerning the media impact of both events: media impact of FIFA Ballon d’Or award is more than 70 times higher than Laureus prize.

media coverage impact of fifa ballon d'or 2011 vs laureus 2013

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FIFA Ballon d’Or Vs Nobel Prize

Now we compare the media impact of FIFA Ballon d’Or against the most prestigious prizes: the Nobel prize.

The results are with no doubt striking. We have both global media impact and media impact in the big five football countries in Europe (Britain, Germany, Spain, Italy and France).

First column is the media coverage taken by the FIFA Ballon d’Or. If we consider global media coverage, the Peace Nobel prize assigned to Chinese dissident Xiabo received almost three times more news worldwide. Litterature Nobel Prize receives a similar degree of media attention, while scientific Nobel prizes attract less media coverage than the football award.

If we consider just media coverage within the five mentioned countries in Europe, we find that Ballon d’Or award beats all single Nobel prizes in terms of media coverage.

media impact of fifa ballon d'or vs nobel prize 2011

Our empirical data shows how powerful are well established awards. As explained before, in the sport business industry, media impact is not only a matter of pride and prestige: it conveys direct economic returns for the winner.

UPDATE 1 7 January 2013, 6pm CET

In an awful mistake, the prestigious sportnewspaper has published during some minutes in its digital versión the news announcing Leo Messi as Ballon d’Or 2012 winner… 2 hours before the official announcement during the gala ceremony.

This is the photo capture.

Leo Messi Winner Ballon d'or 2013 pic capture lequipe 7 january

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Annex

UPDATE 7 January 2013

Leo Messi wins FIFA Ballon d’Or 2012.

The distribution of votes is as follows: (source FIFA.com, pdf)

1. Leo Messi: 41.6%

2. Cristiano Ronaldo: 23.7%

3. Andrés Iniesta: 10.9%

4. Xavi Hernandez (FCB): 4.1%

5. Falcao (Atletico de Madrid): 3.7%

6. Casillas: (RM): 3.2%

If we restrict the percentage of votes jut to the three finalists, the distribution of votes is:

1. Leo Messi: 54.6%

2. Cristiano Ronaldo: 31.1%

3. Andrés Iniesta: 14.3%

The substantial advantage of votes received by Messi is in line with all the stats we have presented in this post.

The votes of the previous edition were:

Ballon d’Or 2011

1. Messi: 47.9%

2. Cristiano Ronaldo 21.6%

3. Xavi 9.2%

Final voting come from votes by national coaches, national team captains and sport journalists, each group weighting 1/3.

Here are the preferences shown by each group:

Coaches

1. Messi: 44.4%

2. Cristiano Ronaldo: 23.1%

3. Iniesta: 8%

Captains:

1. Messi: 39.8%

2. Cristiano Ronaldo: 21.7%

3. Iniesta: 10%

Journalists:

1. Messi: 40.7%

2. Cristiano Ronaldo: 26.3%

3. Iniesta: 14.8%

There is a certain controversy about the voting system. Some consider that it is unfair that countries with a solid football tradition and sport success have the same power in the final votation than other small countries or countries with almost no football tradition. One country, one vote, up tp 208 countries (here, the official FIFA individual voting list, pdf).

We have reestimated the final results if only countries with a powerful football history had voting rights. We have included in this sample the following countries: Argentina, Brazil, England, France, Italy, Germany, Mexico, The Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Spain and Uruguay. We have included in an extended sample also Cameroon and Nigeria.

We present below the ranking based in the short list of countries, and the global official result in brakets.

Results using short list of countries:

1. Leo Messi: 36.2% (41.6%)

2. Cristiano Ronaldo: 24.8% (23.7%)

3. Andrés Iniesta: 10.1% (10.9%)

4. Falcao: 4.6% (3.6%)

5. Xavi: 4.1% (4.1%)

6. Pirlo: 3.8% (2.8%)

7. Casillas: 3.0% (3.2%)

The conclusion is that top 3 list stay the same, but the gap between Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo is substantially shortened. Votes from less powerfull football countries has benefited Leo Messi. We find a change of place in the fourth position, as the short list of countries prefer Falcao instead of Xavi.

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Other analysis in this site about FIFA Ballon d’Or

“Multinacionales Messi y Cristiano”. Un artículo en El País con datos de MRI Universidad de Navarra. Análisis de reacción en Twitter

Foto: Carlos Mira, El País. Utilizada para ilustrar el artículo que se comenta en este post (acceso a la foto original)

Esta entrada en nuestro blog se desarrollará excepcionalmente en castellano, por el contexto propio del análisis. Proponemos un resumen en inglés al final del texto.

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This analysis will be conducted in Spanish, as it is required by its own content. You will find an abstract of our comments and analysis at the end of this post.

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Medir el impacto de una aparición en prensa

El periódico español de audiencia internacional El País ha publicado un artículo sobre el poder comercial de las mega estrellas de fútbol Leo Messi y Cristiano Ronaldo y de su importancia en la generación de ingresos de sus respectivos clubes FC Barcelona y Real Madrid. (Puede leerlo aquí en su versión online)

Una parte del análisis del autor del artículo, Juan José Mateo, se basa en los estudios sobre valor mediático de nuestro centro de investigación, Media, Reputation and Intangibles, Universidad de Navarra, así como de un intercambio mantenido entre el autor del artículo y Francesc Pujol, autor principal de los estudios.

Utilizaremos el caso de un artículo que me afecta directamente para mostrar cómo se puede llevar a cabo un análisis de impacto de una aparición en prensa, más allá de la mera estimación del número de lectores basada en la audiencia del periódico. El análisis de impacto basada en la audiencia teórica de un periódico es la práctica usual seguida por las agencias de medios que ofrecen servicios de media clipping.

Si nos basáramos en el análisis usual de impacto nos quedaríamos con los datos que aporta la agencia de seguimiento de medios. Uno de los que tiene contratados la Universidad de Navarra aporta el siguiente documento pdf, que puede consultar aquí. Se trata de una reimpresión del artículo, junto con datos técnicos en al cabecera de la hoja. Entre los datos técnicos se indica la tirada, difusión y lectores del diario El País (1,7 millones de lectores estimados). También se indica el espacio que ocupa el artículo. Tomando en cuenta el espacio ocupado y las tarifas publicitarias de este medio (basadas éstas en el número de lectores) se propone una estimación del valor monetario equivalente de esta aparición en prensa, que en nuestro caso asciende a 16,981 euros.

El ejercicio de análisis de impacto de esta aparición podría darse por concluido llegados a este punto, que es lo que con sentido común y sentido práctico hacen las empresas que hacen un seguimiento sistemático de sus apariciones en prensa.

Sin embargo, si por una razón especial una entidad tiene un interés especial en conocer el impacto de una aparición concreta, la información que acabamos de aportar se puede revelar lacunaria, insuficiente y probablemente incluso engañosa. Que a mi o a mi institución me digan que el impacto es equivalente a una inversión publicitaria de 17,000 euros no me ayuda a responder a ninguna de las siguiente preguntas:

  • ¿Cuántas personas leyeron verdaderamente el artículo? En nuestro caso, para valorar el artículo como impacto real, requiere descontar a todas las personas que simplemente vieron el artículo pero no se detuvieron en leerlo. Ni el titular, ni el subtitular, ni el gráfico, ni las entradillas mencionan a Francesc Pujol o a la Universidad de Navarra. Los lectores que se hayan quedado en este estadio no aportaran valor real de impacto, aunque sumen lectores.
  • De las personas que lo leyeron, ¿cuántas fueron las que juzgaron positivamente la aportación del análisis propuesto el periodista Juan José Mateo? ¿Cuántos los valoraron negativamente, lo que convierte el impacto de positivo en negativo?
  • De las personas que valoraron positivamente el contenido del artículo, ¿a cuántas les pareció útil la aportación proveniente de los análisis de MRI Universidad de Navarra?
  • De las personas que valoraron positivamente los análisis de MRI Universidad de Navarra, ¿cuántos de ellos son lectores que corresponden al nicho objetivo que aportan valor a MRI o a la propia Universidad de Navarra?

Me temo que las herramientas tradicionales de medición de impacto de las agencias que aportan en el servicio de media clipping no responden a estas preguntas, con los datos de impacto que ofrecen. De hecho tampoco aportarían información pertinente y suficiente para responder a la pregunta en sentido inverso, y que da la medida del valor asignado a esta aparición. ¿Cuánto estaría dispuesto a pagar la Universidad de Navarra de su presupuesto de comunicación/promoción/marketing para conseguir esta aparición en prensa? Antes de responder intentaría sin duda evaluar la respuesta a las cuatro preguntas formuladas más arriba, y que no solventan las agencias de medios.

El análisis de métricas que mostraremos en esta entrada se conjuga para medición de impacto de una sola aparición en prensa escrita, o al menos de una aparición principal. Corresponde al perfil de contribuciones o colaboraciones con un periódico concreto, en régimen formal o implícito de exclusividad. El contenido además no es noticioso en sí mismo, sino que corresponde más bien a un análisis o reportaje sobre un asunto determinado. La persona, empresa o entidad consultada aparece en el artículo por su aportación de conocimiento o información de experto o conocedor del asunto.

Por lo tanto, el análisis que mostramos a continuación no es el indicado para hacer una medición de impacto de una nota o rueda de prensa o de un comunicado que se difunde y publica en varios medios al mismo tiempo. En otra ocasión mostraremos cómo medimos nosotros el impacto de ese tipo de apariciones en prensa.

El contenido del artículo sobre las ‘Multinacionales Messi y Cristiano’

Mostremos primero la visibilidad dada a MRI Universidad de Navarra en el cuerpo del artículo.

En el artículo se señala que, según nuestros estudios, Leo Messi es el jugador más mediático del mundo, al igual que el FC Barcelona en el apartado de clubes.

Messi y Cristiano compiten sobre el césped y fuera del campo. Desde que el argentino empezó a lucir galones en el Barça (2007), los ingresos del club se han disparado un 71%, él se ha convertido en el jugador más mediático del mundo y el equipo azulgrana ha acuñado la marca futbolística más poderosa del planeta, según un estudio de la Universidad de Navarra. La misma investigación señala que Cristiano, con el que los ingresos del Madrid han crecido un 28% desde su fichaje (2009), es el segundo futbolista del planeta en peso mediático, lo que sitúa a su equipo en el mismo escalón del ránking. Los dos astros son capitales en la generación de dinero para sus clubes: el Manchester United ha cedido el segundo puesto en la lista de conjuntos con más ingresos del planeta (es tercero, con 403 millones de euros a junio de 2012), cada vez está más lejos de Madrid (primero con 514) y Barça (segundo, con 495), y en el último ejercicio dejó de crecer y perdió un 2%.

‘Multinacionales Messi y Cristiano’, El País, 2 de Noviembre de 2012

El artículo sigue con una (sorprendentemente) larga cita textual con el análisis de Francesc Pujol sobre la relación entre impacto y valor mediático con su poder como marcas generadoras de ingresos comerciales.

“Hay una relación casi directa entre el valor mediático de los clubes y su capacidad de generar ingresos, ya que el valor de su marca está ligado a su impacto mediático mundial”, argumenta Francesc Pujol, profesor de Economía e investigador del Centro de medios, reputación e intangibles de la Universidad de Navarra. “Madrid y Barcelona son marcas globales que obtienen ingresos en todo el mundo. En los mercados en los que el fútbol local es de baja calidad y se hacen fans de equipos extranjeros, los aficionados tienden a seguir más a las estrellas que a los equipos”, añade. “En esos países, el peso de Messi (o CR) en la marca Barcelona (o Madrid) es todavía mayor. En un estudio mostrábamos que el 75% del impacto mediático del Madrid en Japón y China lo generaban Beckham y Ronaldo. Ahora Barça y Madrid dominan por impacto mediático sobre los demás y sus ingresos se han disparado”, continúa. “Esta relación la hemos demostrado en otros estudios. Messi aporta al Barcelona una parte importante de su valor mediático. Perderlo sería perder una fuente directa de ingresos. No se trata solo de los contratos publicitarios del Barcelona en los que usa la imagen de Messi. Todos los ingresos están ligados al peso mediático del Barça, y caerían si pierden a Messi: la cuantía de los patrocinios, los ingresos televisivos o por cada partido amistoso en las giras. Es conocido que en esos partidos hay cláusulas que reducen el pago en un 30%-50% en caso de ausencia del argentino”, añade. “La capacidad que tienen los jugadores de explotar económicamente su marca individual da un índice de la importancia económica que tiene para los grandes clubes contar con grandes estrellas mediáticas. Si Messi consigue 21 millones para él mismo explotando su imagen, la cantidad de ingresos que obtiene cada año el Barcelona ligada a la presencia de Messi es todavía superior”, cierra.

‘Multinacionales Messi y Cristiano’, El País, 2 de Noviembre de 2012

Se incorpora al artículo un gráfico con la evolución de los ingresos de los grandes clubes desde 2007, que añadimos aquí.

El artículo se completa con un análisis de corte más sociológico a cargo de- profesor Benito Pérez González, de la universidad Camilo José Cela y autor de la tesis doctoral Estudio sobre el comportamiento económico y psicosocial del consumidor de productos deportivos.

Puede consultar el resumen del Informe sobre el valor mediático en el fútbol 2012 sobre el que se basa el análisis del artículo aquí.

Análisis de la reacción de los lectores del artículo en Twitter

Mostramos a continuación algunos elementos del análisis de métricas de reacción de los lectores de este artículo.

Una posible vía de análisis sería el estudio de contenidos de los comentarios vertidos por los lectores en la propia página del artículo en El País. Es una opción interesante, pero el alcance de este análisis suele ser limitado porque muchas veces los comentarios reflejan más una conversación evolutiva sobre el propio contenido de los comentarios previos, y acaban reflejando menos la reacción directa ante la lectura del artículo.

Preferimos servirnos, una vez más, de la extraordinaria fuente de información abierta que nos aporta Twitter. Ya lo hemos apuntado otras veces en otros análisis precedentes: nos parece que Twitter encarna la esencia de redes sociales – social media y sobre todo de conversación social por su naturaleza abierta. Todos podemos ver los mensajes que cualquier persona o institución haya publicado sobre el tema que nos interesa. Por eso nos parece que Twitter es imbatible e irremplazable como herramienta de comunicación para marcas y empresas y juega un papel que nunca podrá asumir Facebook.

El artículo fue publicado en la edición digital de El País el 2 de noviembre de 2012, a las 20h43. Se mantuvo en la portada general de la edición online durante toda la mañana del 3 de noviembre, hasta las 6 de la tarde. Durante ese tiempo era la noticia principal de la sección de deportes. A partir de ese momento, con la entrada de las noticias ligadas a la actualidad  deportiva de fin de semana de partidos de fútbol fue desplazándose en posiciones de exposición menor. El domingo 4 de noviembre sigue siendo visible en la sección de deportes, en la franja derecha de noticias que no corresponden a actualidad deportiva directa.

En estas más de 24 horas de exposición en la edición online las noticias generan la práctica totalidad de su poder de reacción directa en comentarios o indirecta como contenido compartido en las redes sociales (salvo que se trate de noticias con fuerte componente polémico). Se puede por lo tanto llevar a caco el análisis de impacto de esta aparición en prensa.

A 4 de noviembre, a las 13h, esta noticia ha generado 38 comentarios, y ha sido enlazada en 56 páginas de Facebook, 81 cuentas de Twitter y 2 de LinkedIn.

Si centramos nuestro análisis a la reacción en Twitter hay que señalar que el artículo ha aparecido en otras 24 ocasiones como simple reclamo sin establecer enlace al artículo original, en cuentas falsas o generadoras de spam y de atracción hacia sus contenidos propios. Se trata de cuentas automatizadas que generan la falsa impresión de conversación con el ánimo de atrapar nuevos seguidores para canalizarlos a continuación hacia los contenidos contratados por empresas. En otros pocos casos, algunos blogs han mantenido el titular del artículo y han copiado el su contenido redirigiendo los lectores hacia su blog en vez de llevarlos a la fuente original en El País.

En el análisis directo en Twitter conseguimos identificar 72 tuits que corresponden a RT directos con enlace al artículo. A estos hay que sumar otros 17 tuits que corresponden a RT de alguno de los 72 tuits originales. Tenemos por lo tanto un campo de 89 mensajes. En estos mensajes no están incluidos los 24 mensajes robotizados sin enlace.

En el 49% de los mensajes se identifica la fuente por vía directa (mención a la cuenta de Twitter de El País, @elpais) o indirecta por la visibilidad del enlace como página de http://www.elpais.com. En el 44,5% de los casos no se puede identificar la fuente porque el enlace viene resumido y no se menciona la fuente. En el 6,5% de los casos otras fuentes se apropian el contenido de El País y dirigen el tráfico hacia sus blogs o páginas web. En ningún caso (salvo personas que conocen directamente al investigador)  se hace referencia directa a la Universidad de Navarra o a Francesc Pujol, por lo que el impacto del artículo sobre ellos no se consigue por la simple visibilidad de los mensajes en Twitter, sino por el tráfico efectivo que éstos consigan dirigir hacia el artículo.

La gran mayoría de los tuits son simple reproducción del título, en concreto, el 84,3% de todos los mensajes. Un RT directo a un artículo de prensa sin comentarios propios corresponde a una propuesta de lectura por parte del emisario a su círculo de seguidores en Twitter, con recomendación implícita ‘Me ha gustado’, ‘Me parece interesante’. Mostramos un ejemplo.

Que sólo el 15,7% de los mensajes vengan acompañados de contenido propio elaborado por el propietario de la cuenta en Twitter indica también que el artículo en prensa no se considera de contenido controvertido ni polémico, que obligue al lector a posicionarse a favor o en contra. Contamos por lo tanto con la información de una recepción pacífica del análisis propuesto con el periodista, que contaba con la contribución de los datos y opinión que emanaba de MRI Universidad de Navarra. Queda por analizar el perfil del contenido de ese 16% de reacción personal escrita de los difusores de la noticia en Twitter.

Casi todos los comentarios  inciden en algún aspecto del artículo. Unos se centran en la dependencia económica que los clubes tienen con sus grandes jugadores:

Otros inciden más directamente en análisis de marca:

De hecho, de los 14 mensajes con comentarios propios, cuatro pertenecen a medios o periodistas deportivos y seis a empresas ligadas a la gestión o marketing deportivos.

Del primer estadio de análisis se puede extraer la conclusión de que el contenido del artículo ha tenido una recepción positiva por parte de los lectores interesados, y que entre expertos y profesionales del marketing deportivo también ha sido recibido positivamente.

Valoración cuantitativa del impacto en Twitter

El análisis de los contenidos de los mensajes en Twitter que se han hecho eco de la aparición en El País nos permite concluir que en general el grado de contestación a los contenidos es bajo y que por lo tanto escapa a polémicas, y que el perfil de los que reaccionan ante su lectura es de aprobación.

Podemos extraer más informaciones del análisis de estas 89 reacciones, aplicando un análisis sistemático de los perfiles de las cuentas de Twitter que han reaccionado.

El primer resultado cuantitativo corresponde al número potencial de personas en Twitter que pueden ver esos mensajes que mencionan el artículo sobre Messi y Cristiano, porque al ser seguidores de alguna de esas 89 cuentas, el mensaje les aparece en su Timeline. Corresponde en cierta medida a la cifra de difusión que dan los medios con respecto a la versión escrita. En nuestro caso, la suma total de seguidores de las 89 cuentas es de 859.011 personas en Twitter. la cifra media de seguidores es por lo tanto de 9651 por cuenta. La mediana es una medida más apropiada, y esta arroja un valor de 283 seguidores. La gran diferencia entre las dos medidas se debe a que sólo dos cuentas concentran el 75% del impacto potencial (@elpais_deportes y @thecliniccl). Cuando en una muestra hay mucha variación en el valor de los datos, la mediana suele ser más representativa que la media.

Puede parecer una cifra de alto impacto a primera vista. Pero recordemos que la cifra total corresponde (como de hecho sucede con las medidas en prensa escrita y online) al de una cifra potencial, que es muy superior a la cifra real de impacto. La pregunta relevante es saber cuántos de estos 850 mil usuarios de Twitter han visto realmente el mensaje. En realidad, la cifra real no es más que una minúscula fracción de ese total potencial (en este caso y en todos). Un elemento que nos ayuda a temperar el alcance real de visibilidad del mensaje es que de esos 850 mil usuarios potenciales, sólo 17 han reaccionado haciendo un RT del mensaje o marcándolo como favorito. Evidentemente, el modo principal de uso de Twitter es pasivo, y sólo una minoría participa activamente con mensajes nuevos y RT a mensajes de otros. Pero eso no explica la baja relación entre lectura y respuesta.

Aunque son muchos los que toman el número de seguidores en Twitter como factor de influencia, el valor y significado de cada seguidor varía en función del perfil de la cuenta a la que siguen. Por ejemplo, existe un número significativo de cuentas robotizadas cuya única misión es generar conversación y difusión sobre  los contenidos de los medios online. Son cuentas cuyo único contenido es la reproducción automática de toda nueva noticia publicada en un medio. En nuestra muestra contamos con no menos de 10 mensajes de este tipo. El impacto real de estas cuentas es prácticamente nulo.

Un impacto igualmente bajo lo generan las cuentas de Twitter que multiplican el  número de mensajes publicados por día, elaborados todos ellos por contenido ajeno. Son colectores de noticias. Aunque correspondan a cuentas gestionadas personalmente, su impacto es también nimio. Estas cuentas tienen publicadas típicamente más de 20,000 tuits. Una manera de identificar estas cuentas de bajo impacto es medir el número de seguidores por mensaje publicado. Consideramos que son de muy bajo impacto las que presentan un factor inferior al 5%. Son 49 cuentas. Han publicado de media 27 mil tuits y suman en total 24.000 seguidores. Sólo representan el 3% de todos los seguidores, pero corresponden a más del 50% de la reacción que el artículo ha tenido en Twitter. Este resultado muestra además que la calidad media de la conversación global en Twitter es baja.

Las cifras sobre perfil de impacto de las cuentas que se han hecho eco del artículo son:

  • @elpais_deportes y @thecliniccl tienen juntos 640.000 seguidores (74% del total) y generan 13 RT
  • 7 cuentas tienen más de 10.000 seguidores.
  • 25 cuentas (28% del total) tienen más de 1.000 seguidores. Juntas suponen el 98% del total de seguidores.
  • 18 cuentas (20%) tienen menos de 100 seguidores.
  • 15 cuentas (17% del total) tienen un factor Seguidor/Tuit superior a 0.50 y tienen el 92% de los seguidores.
  • 10 cuentas pueden considerarse como especialmente valiosas, por contar con un ámbito de influencia suficiente (más de 500 seguidores) y tener un factor de impacto directo alto (superior a 0.5). Esas cuentas concentran el 93% de los seguidores.

Ese 93% de seguidores en cuentas ricas pueden considerarse la difusión potencial real: 790.000 seguidores. De todos ellos ¿Cuántos han visto realmente el enunciado del tuit sobre el artículo? Nuestra percepción es que la cifra real oscila entre el 5 y el 10%: entre 40.000 y 80.000 personas en Twitter. Más de la mitad de los usuarios en Twitter no son activos o entran de manera muy puntual: estos no vieron el mensaje. (ver por ejemplo este infográfico que estima en 72% el porcentaje de usuarios inactivos; 360 millones de los 500 millones registrados a mediados de 2012). Del resto, sólo una porción de los usuarios activos se conectaron en el período en el que el tuit de la cuenta a la que seguían aparecía en su Timeline. La probabilidad de ser visto baja en función del número total de cuentas a las que un usuario sigue. Hablar de una tas de 5-10% real no es una hipótesis especialmente conservadora.

El análisis de perfil de las cuentas de Twitter que han reaccionado al artículo nos permite aportar datos complementarios. 57 cuentas (64% del total) dan localización identificable.

  • 31 (54% de las identificadas) están localizadas en España. Generan el 49% de los seguidores totales.
  • 26 (46%) están localizadas en Latinoamérica. Generan el 47% del total de seguidores.
  • Las 32 cuentas restantes, que no dan localización, sólo cuentan con el 3% restante de seguidores, aunque supongan el 36% del total de reacciones.

Los datos de origen geográfico dan una indicación del alcance internacional de los artículos publicados en El País. El interés en Latinoamérica se ve reforzado porque uno de los dos protagonistas principales es el argentino Leo Messi. De cara al interés para MRI Universidad de Navarra, tienen más relevancia los impactos entre usuarios en España, en razón de la locacización.

Valoración cualitativa del impacto en Twitter

Concluimos el análisis de impacto basado en la reacción de las 89 cuentas en Twitter con una evaluación cualitativa del valor que se puede darle. No se trata de proponer una traducción monetaria, porque esos datos aportarían poca relevancia.

Para este análisis hemos agrupado las 89 cuentas en cuatro grupos:

  • A. 11 que corresponden a cuentas de empresas de marketing deportivo o de gestión deportiva
  • B. 21 de medios de comunicación deportiva o de fans de futbolistas.
  • C. 17 de medios de comunicación generalistas.
  • D. 27 de páginas personales.

Los seguidores del grupo A son los más valiosos para MRI Universidad de Navarra. Corresponden exactamente al público objetivo perfecto. El atractivo de Twitter es que las cuentas muy especializadas consiguen atraer entre sus seguidores a otras personas o empresas muy afines en intereses. Por eso además son muy influyentes entre sus seguidores y tienen una alta tasa de interacción. Se confirma en nuestro caso, ya que casi la mitad de los mensajes con contenido propio (7 de 17) son de este grupo.

El grupo B de medios de comunicación deportivos son el segundo grupo más atractivo por valor de impacto de los seguidores. Sin embargo, quedan a mucha distancia del grupo A en cuanto a relevancia. Sólo una porción muy pequeña de los seguidores de esta cuentas se interesan personal o profesionalmente por temas de negocio y patrocinio deportivo. Los grupos C y D tienen escaso poder para llegar a cifras relevantes de público objetivo para nuestros trabajos e investigaciones.

Si tuviéramos que dar factores de impacto a cada grupo, aplicaríamos los siguientes a cada grupo:

  • A: 100%
  • B: 10%
  • C: 5%
  • D: 5%

Con este planteamiento, centramos nuestra atención en el grupo A. Son 11 cuentas, o el 12% del total. Todas ellas suman un total de 12.200 seguidores… que representan un total de 1,4% del total potencial de usuarios de Twitter. Si le aplicamos el factor 5-10% de los usuarios que realmente acaban viendo el mensaje, la cifra se reduce a 600-1200 vistas de alto valor de impacto.

Si a estos 12,200 seguidores con valor pleno del grupo A les sumamos los de los otros grupos aplicando el factor de descuento, nos queda que la cifra de impacto de 859.000 seguidores nosotros la reducimos a una cifra equivalente de 76.000 seguidores. Con el ajuste de la tasa del 5-10% de vistas reales, la cifra de impacto real que nosotros manejamos de de 7.500 – 15.000 visitas gracias al impacto directo de Twitter.

El impacto en Twitter como medida indirecta de la audiencia real en El País, edición papel y edición online

En la sección anterior hemos explotado la información libre a la que podemos acceder gracias a Twitter como espacio abierto (característica que no tiene Facebook y que la hace tan distinta como espacio de conversación social). Ese análisis nos ha valido no sólo para hacer estimaciones de impacto real en Twitter y su valor, sino para identificar las reacciones frente al contenido del artículo.

Este último aspecto no se queda cerrado en el área de Twitter, ya que puede ser extrapolable a la reacción que habrán tenido los lectores al leer el artículo al leerlo en la edición impresa u online de El País. Así, hemos constatado que en general la reacción de los lectores es positiva, y no se trata de un contenido generador de polémica. Se trata de un contenido que ha capturado la atención tanto de lectores en España como en Latinoamérica. Sabemos además que la recepción ha sido positivas en los ámbitos especializados de marketing y gestión deportiva. Lógicamente, la extrapolación del análisis de reacción en Twitter al conjunto de todos los lectores del artículo es más sólida si se construye con un número mayor de reacciones. Esos 89 mensajes son una cifra límite inferior, y el resultado sería más representativo si se basara en 200-300 tuits.

Cerramos el análisis de esta entrada sobre la medición de impacto de una aparición en prensa con una estimación del número de lectores reales del artículo, que lógicamente no tiene nada que ver con la cifra de 1,7 millones de lectores estimados por los medidores de audiencias y aportado por las agencias de medias a sus clientes como medida de impacto. Nos basamos de nuevo para ello en la valiosa información generada por Twitter y Facebook.

Hay una evidente relación entre el número de lectores de un artículo y su grado de redifusión en redes sociales, principalmente compartiéndolo en Twitter y en Facebook (que copan más del 99% de los canales de redifusión en redes sociales). La relación no es directa, porque el grado de reacción (envío a redes sociales por lector efectivo del artículo) no es homogéneo. Difiere según la naturaleza del texto, su perfil polémico o la temática tratada. Pero la relación existe de manera global: artículos con bajo grado de reacción hacia redes sociales corresponden a artículos que han sido leídos por menos personas que los artículos que presentan un alto grado de reacción.

Como se ha dicho, el artículo que estamos analizando generó 56 reacciones hacia Facebook y 82 hacia Twitter según el conteo público visible en elpais.com. Suman un total de 138 reacciones. ¿Corresponde esto a una alta cifra de reacción en redes sociales y por lo tanto en lectores reales del artículo? La respuesta la da, como siempre, el análisis comparativo.

Una primera comparación la podemos establecer con otro artículo de naturaleza muy similar, publicado en el mismo periódico dos semanas antes. El título de la noticia era ‘Escaparate millonario’. El subtítular daba un perfecta explicación de su contenido: ‘Los equipos de Primera División tienen un impacto económico de decenas de millones de euros en sus ciudades, multiplican su peso mediático y su valor de marca’.

En ese artículo volvía a aparecer como Francesc Pujol de MRI Universidad de Navarra como experto consultado. La contribución que aportábamos en el artículo de análisis era la siguiente:

“En un estudio”, explica Francesc Pujol, de la Universidad de Navarra, “mostrábamos que el Villarreal convertía a su ciudad en una equivalente a 210.000 habitantes, por el número de noticias que genera, cuando su dimensión real es de 48.000 habitantes. Getafe [al tener un equipo de Primera] multiplica por 2,5 su presencia mediática”, añade. “Esa visibilidad del nombre de la ciudad tiene una traducción en impacto económico equivalente a la cantidad que la ciudad estaría dispuesta a pagar para publicitarse en los medios en los que aparece de manera gratuita [a través del club de fútbol]”, argumenta. “Con respecto al impacto directo por las visitas de los aficionados de otros equipos, los estudios suelen concluir que ese impacto directo no es muy grande”, prosigue. “La excepción viene de las grandes marcas de impacto supralocal, que atraen a sus propios aficionados de fuera de la ciudad, a extranjeros que vienen a ver al Madrid o al Barça, el museo del Barça…”

‘Escaparate millonario’, por Juan José Mateo, El País, 18 de octubre de 2012

Ese artículo tenía un componente más polémico, porque en esos mismos momentos algunos clubes estaban luchando por su supervivencia financiera porque las corporaciones  locales habían decidido retirar o reducir drásticamente las ayudas financieras a los clubes de fútbol por efecto de la crisis económica. El análisis de la conversación social muestra que el contenido de esta noticia fue utilizado como arma de presión en las negociaciones en ciudades como Oviedo y Gijón.

Sea lo que fuere, ese artículo fue compartido 692 veces entre Facebook y Twitter. Es decir, cinco veces más que el que estamos analizando actualmente. Como queda dicho, probablemente su lectura no fue cinco veces superior, por tratarse el segundo de un análisis más controvertido o de relevancia actual que el primero. Pero sin duda eso indica que el artículo sobre el impacto de los clubes en la imagen de las ciudades fue más leído que el de las marcas Messi y Cristiano.

La manera de hacer de manera más sistemática el análisis de impacto en redes sociales de este artículo es compararlo con los artículos que fueron publicados en El País en esos mismos días.

Comparamos primero el impacto de nuestro artículo con el de aquellos que le son más semejantes. Mostramos por lo tanto a continuación el impacto recibido por todos los artículos que fueron publicados en la sección de deportes de El País y que estaban activos en la versión online (elpais.com) durante el sábado 3 de noviembre hasta las 19 horas.

En el gráfico presentamos la reacción en redes sociales generada por 20 noticias de la sección de deportes. Indicamos el área deportiva de cada noticia. Indicamos también de si se trata de una noticia ligada a un resultado deportivo o si se trata de un análisis. Nuestro artículo aparece en quinta posición. El artículo con mayor impacto, con 376 reacciones, se refiere a la anulación de la maratón de Nueva York por culpa del huracán Sandy. El nivel de reacción de nuestro artículo es unas tres veces inferior.

En el gráfico siguiente mostramos el grado de reacción de las noticias publicadas el sábado por la noche y domingo, que muchas de ellas hacen ya referencia a los resultados deportivos del fin de semana.

Nuestro artículo ocupa la tercera posición sobre 16 noticias. No hay que deducir sin embargo que alcanzara un nivel superior o igual de lectura que los que hacer referencia a resultados deportivos. Las noticias con las crónicas sobre los partido de liga son muy leídos, pero se comparten muy poco porque todo el mundo entiende que los demás también tienen acceso a esa información.

Su grado de reacción es sólo un 11% del peso que alcanza la noticia más compartida, sobre Fórmula 1. Si exceptuamos esa noticia, nuestra noticia sobre el poder de Messi y CR7 como marca se sitúa entre las más compartidas en la sección de deportes, tanto del sábado como del domingo.

El último elemento de comparación es mostrar la reacción de nuestro artículo frente a la reacción generada por los diez artículos más leídos en la edición online de El País del lunes 5 de noviembre de 2012. En este caso nos referimos a las noticias de todas las secciones del periódico. Los datos del gráfico no están ordenados por número de reacciones, sino por número de veces leídas según el contador de El País.

Tres noticias reciben más de 4000 reacciones en Facebook y Twitter. Siete de ellas son compartidas más de 1000 veces. La noticia más compartida del día, que también es la más leída, recibe casi 7500 impactos.

Frente a estos datos, las 138 veces que nuestra aparición en prensa ha sido compartida la sitúa en una dimensión de impacto meramente anecdótica. Corresponde a un mero 6% del impacto generado por la media de las 10 noticias más leídas del día.

¿Qué conclusiones extraemos del análisis comparado de impacto en redes sociales del artículo?

Tenemos por un lado que la noticia puede considerarse como una de las de referencia del fin de semana. El periódico El País la mantuvo de hecho en su versión online en la portada principal durante el sábado y en la portada de sección deportes durante el domingo.

Tenemos al mismo tiempo que el impacto de las noticias sobre deporte en El País son muy bajas en comparación con las noticias más leídas del día. Dada la conexión directa entre el número de lectores de una noticia y su grado de redifusión en redes sociales (con las salvedades ya apuntadas), podemos establecer una aproximación del número de lectores reales de nuestro artículo.

Con los datos de reacción, cabe suponer que el número de lectores de nuestro artículo se sitúa entre un 5% y un 10% de la media de las 10 noticias  más leídas del día. El País no confía sus datos de audiencia online a la agencia de medición de trafico de referencia en España, OJD. Los datos de audiencia de competidores directos indican que elmundo.es cuenta con 1,7 millones de navegadores únicos en fin de semana en octubre de 2012 (ver informe). 20minutos.es suma 480.000 navegantes (ver informe). Suponiendo que la audiencia total diaria de elpais.com se sitúa en 2 millones, podemos estimar entre 200 y 400 mil a la media de los lectores de las 10 noticias más leídas. Son cifras generosas, ya que en el pasado sí se publicaban datos de audiencia de cada noticia online, y la cifra era bien menor. Con estos datos, podríamos estimar el alcance real de nuestro artículo entre 10.000 y 40.000 lectores.

El alambicado ejercicio de suposiciones que hemos hecho es discutible en cada una de las hipótesis que hemos hecho. Pero aunque se modifiquen, las cifras de impacto real en términos de lectores no pueden variar de una manera drástica.

El interés de este ejercicio radica también en que nos permite extrapolar los resultados de audiencia online al de los lectores en la versión papel. El grado de interés de los lectores online de las noticias de elpais.com nos permite suponer que los lectores de la versión papel siguen una pauta de comportamiento análoga. Es seguro que no será idéntica, puesto que se trata de dos experiencias de comunicación distintas (por tiempo dedicado, capacidad de interactuar y compartir contenido y emociones, así como por el perfil de los usuarios de uno y otro soporte). Con todo, es imposible negar que existen pautas comunes.

Por ello podemos deducir también el número de lectores reales de la edición papel de la noticia, lo que nos permite conectar todo nuestro ejercicio con las preguntas iniciales de este post. ¿Lo leyeron 1,7 millones de personas, tal como nos comunicaba la agencia de medios contratada por la Universidad de Navarra?

La respuesta es claramente no, porque sabemos con certeza que aunque fue una de las noticias más leídas en la sección de deportes, ésta quedó muy lejos de las noticias más leídas del día. Seguro que el titular de la noticia fue visto por muchos, pero muchos menos fueron los que pasaron a la lectura del contenido del artículo. Sólo estos últimos son realmente relevantes para nuestra medición de impacto, puesto que ni el titular ni los otros elementos de visibilidad especial no mencionaban ni los estudios de la Universidad de Navarra, ni a su autor, Francesc Pujol.

Es seguro que el lectore de la edición papel lee de media un número mucho mayor de artículos que el de la edición online, ya que invierte mucho más tiempo que el lector de la edición online. por eso sabemos que la distancia entre las noticias más leídas y las menos leídas es menor que en la edición online. Con todo, nuestra estimación contando con los datos de reacción online es que la cifra real de lectores de nuestro artículo en la versión papel se sitúa más cerca de los 200.000-400.000 lectores que los 1,7 millones que nos asegura la agencia de comunicación de medios.

Los resultados del análisis de impacto en una breve nota técnica

Resumimos a continuación los resultados mostrados en esta entrada del blog a modo de nota preparada para una tercera persona.

El País se hizo eco de manera extensa de los estudios de Media Reputation and Intangibles Universidad de Navarra elaborados por Francesc Pujol en una noticia sobre el valor de marca de las grandes estrellas del fútbol como Leo Messi y Cristiano Ronaldo. Fue publicado en la versión online y en la versión papel del 3 de noviembre de 2012. Ocupó el 50% del espacio de la página 56.

El estudio de la reacción en Twitter nos indica que el contenido del análisis no generó polémica ni fue contestado por los lectores. La acogida también fue positiva entre los profesionales del sector. Por difusión, se distribuyó en casi un 50% entre España y Latinoamérica. 16% de las reacciones proceden de profesionales del marketing o del negocio deportivo. Otro 25% proviene de medios de comunicación deportivos.

La reacción directa en Twitter y en Facebook generó un bajo retorno directo en impacto, ya que no mencionan directamente a MRI Universidad de Navarra. En este caso su impacto positivo se circunscribe a aumentar el tráfico que consiguen para la lectura del artículo entre persona y organizaciones relevantes para los intereses de MRI Universidad de Navarra.

El artículo fue compartido 89 veces en Twitter y 56 en Facebook. Esto corresponde a una audiencia potencial de 890.000 personas en Twitter. Nuestra estimación de impacto real desciende a unos 40.000-80.000. De éstos, sólo unos 600-1200 corresponden a lectores de alto valor.

El análisis de reacción en Twitter y Facebook nos permite también afirmar que nuestra noticia fue de las más leídas en la sección de deportes. Pero sólo alcanzó entre el 5-10% de visitas en comparación con las noticias más leídas del día en elpais.com. Estimamos que fue leído por unas 10.000-40.000 personas en la edición online.

Hemos extrapolado los resultados a la versión papel. Estimamos que la lectura real del artículo asciende a 200.000-400.000 lectores.

Por contraste, la consultora de medios contratada por la Universidad de Navarra afirma que esa noticia fue leída por 1,7 millones de lectores (los lectores totales del periódico) y le asigna un valor de impacto publicitario de 16.000 euros.

Algunas preguntas (y mis respuestas) sobre el ejercicio de medición de impacto de una aparición en prensa

  • ¿Eran necesarias tantas alforjas para este viaje?

O dicho de otra manera ¿Es útil/recomendable/necesario hacer un análisis de impacto personalizado y pormenorizado de una aparición en prensa?

Depende.

No, definitivamente, si se trata de una empresa o institución que tiene una presencia regular en los medios y el contenido del artículo que se considera analizar no tiene una relevancia especial para la vida de la organización. El que la noticia tenga un impacto positivo o negativo no generará efectos durables en la vida de la empresa.

No es útil para las empresas con presencia regular en medios, pero que están convencidas que el termómetro de salud de marca se mide únicamente por la traducción cuantitativa (y/o en equivalente monetario) de esa presencia en los medios. Asocian presencia y visibilidad con publicidad gratuita. Suele suceder que las empresas que se contentan con una mera medición del impacto cuantitativo de las apariciones en prensa no cuenten con una información verdaderamente relevante para la gestión diaria, ni tampoco para la táctica ni las estrategia a medio y largo plazo. Si no se sabe qué valor extraer de la información cuantitativa de impacto en prensa y a pesar de ellos se contentan con esa información, tampoco les aportará valor obtener una medición cualitativa.

No es tampoco verdaderamente útil hacer este ejercicio para instituciones o personas con apariciones puntuales y esporádicas en prensa pero que únicamente quieren conocer el impacto de su aparición “por curiosidad”. Las entidades que se encuentran en esta situación no suelen tener un planteamiento claro del papel del valor y posicionamiento de marca de su organización, por lo que tampoco sabrían qué partido sacar a informaciones que indican un impacto positivo o negativo de esa aparición. Contar con datos básicos de impacto cuantitativo saciará su curiosidad.

Aunque sea interesante, no es recomendable hacer ese ejercicio para una empresa que, aunque sea consciente del papel crucial de la estrategia y la gestión de branding en la salud de su empresa, ya tiene una presencia regular en medios, y se trata de noticias de “business as usual” sin un perfil de contenido especial. En estos casos el análisis del impacto real de una aparición tanto en sus aspectos cuantitativos como cualitativos no es rentable en términos de coste/beneficio como medio para seguir monitorizando el estado de salud de la marca.

La técnica que hemos presentado sí que puede revelarse especialmente útil para este tipo de empresas que acabamos de mencionar, como sistema de monitorización del control de calidad, si se aplica de manera sistemática y regular. Se trataría en este caso de una herramienta para la gestión estratégica de la marca. Se seleccionaría cada semana 2-3 apariciones escogidas aleatoriamente. El cuadro se configuraría con la información que se desprende del análisis del resultado conjunto de las apariciones mensuales/trimestrales/anuales.

Sí es recomendable nuestro ejercicio para empresas o instituciones con apariciones regulares en prensa, que ofrecen una información en exclusiva para un medio. También puede tratarse de una información, positiva o negativa, que un medio va a publicar como fruto de su tarea de investigación. Se tratará de información valiosa y trascendente para la vida de la empresa o para uno de sus proyectos. En esos casos, la evaluación del impacto cualitativo de esa aparición en prensa es tanto o más importante que la medición del impacto cuantitativo teórico. Y también toma importancia la medición del impacto cuantitativo real en vez del teórico.

Sí es recomendable o necesario para empresas o instituciones que tienen una presencia muy puntual en los medios, y que han planificado esa aparición en prensa como una vía para dar a conocer sus proyectos. Poder disponer de métricas sobre el grado de aceptación por parte del público de lo que se ha presentado en esa aparición en prensa puede representar una información de muy alto valor, ya que juega un papel muy similar al de estudios de mercado o de encuestas.

  • ¿Son correctos los datos ofrecidos por las agencias de media clipping?

No.

Con nuestro análisis hemos (de)mostrado que los datos que ofrecen las consultoras de medios sobre el impacto cuantitativo en términos de lectores y de su traducción en retorno económico no tienen ninguna conexión directa con la realidad. Asumen que cada aparición será leída por todos los lectores potenciales del periódico. No se subsana esta dificultad argumentando que lo importante es saber en qué periódicos aparece la marca. Simplemente, no hay una relación directa entre la tirada de cada periódico y su intensidad de lectura. Puede tener una impacto mucho mayor en lectura total una aparición en un periódico de tirada media que en otro de gran tirada. Las métricas de media clipping lo pasan totalmente por alto.

No son correctos porque miden el impacto por la extensión total del artículo multiplicado por la audiencia, mientras que la variable real es la visibilidad de mi marca o empresa en el conjunto del artículo.

  • ¿Son suficientes los datos ofrecidos por las agencias de media clipping?

No.

No lo son, por lo que hemos explicado en la primera respuesta.

El análisis de impacto cuantitativo no permite valorar cómo es recibida esa información por los lectores. No permite evaluar qué segmento de lectores está realmente leyendo la noticia. El análisis cuantitativo da una señal sobre el grado de visibilidad de la empresa, y permite identificar la estructura y la evolución del storytelling de la marca. Pero no permite diagnosticar cómo son recibidas por la opinión cada uno de los componentes de ese storytelling. Sin embargo, análisis como el nuestro dan respuesta a todas esas preguntas.

  • Entonces ¿era útil/recomendable hacer todo el análisis para el caso ‘Multinacionales Messi y Cristiano’?

No, evidentemente, si esa información la estuviera buscando sólo para mí o mi centro de investigación o para aportar datos de impacto a la Universidad de Navarra. Tampoco para mí sería rentable en términos de coste/beneficio.

Sí creo que lo es como excusa para hacer un análisis completo de impacto de una aparición en prensa para poderlo compartir con los lectores especializados de este blog.

Sin embargo, si yo buscara evaluar el impacto de mi aparición en prensa para fines puramente internos, sé que no basaría mi diagnóstico en los 1,7 millones de lectores y retorno equivalente de 16.000 euros anunciado por mi agencia de media clipping. Lo que habría hecho, como he hecho en casos anteriores, es proceder a un rápido chequeo muestral de cada una de las etapas presentadas en esta entrada de blog. De esta manera, en unos minutos me habría hecho con una composición de lugar del impacto real, de su aceptación y del público objetivo alcanzado con esta aparición. La información que me proporciona la consultora de medios no me habría sido de ninguna ayuda para alcanzar este diagnóstico.

 

How Much Boring Is Your National Football League?

SUMMARY: Economists have extensively analyzed the causes, dynamics and consequences of ‘competitive balance’ in sport competition. This concept refers to the degree of equality in sport performance among all teams taking part in a competition. Competitive balance is also linked to the attractiveness for fans of a sport competition. We propose some metrics concerning the perceived competivive balance of national leagues in countries in Europe, based in betting odds about title winning probabilities. We argue that competitive balance is not the best way to approach the degree of attractiveness of a sport competition. We consider and try to justify that attractiveness is rather linked to the degree uncertainty concerning the winner of the championship, and this measure is affected by the closeness of just top 2-3 contenders.

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Regular football season starts by the end of August in almost all countries in Europe. Football is the most popular sport in many countries in Europe in terms of followers. Football become again one of the hot topics in talks and chats. Football season is also a relevant event considering its commercial power. Just top 40 clubs in Europe create a combined revenue of more than 4.4 billion euro (Deloitte 2012).

One of the topics discussed at the beginning of every new football season is which are the most attractive national football league. England, Spain, Italy and Germany are considered the ‘Big Four’ as they concentrate the vast majority of football players stars, international sport success at UEFA Champions League and are the most powerful championships in economic terms. These last ten years there is a dispute among fans and experts about where global leadership lies: the ‘League of the Stars’ in English Premiership or ‘La Liga de las estrellas’ in the Spanish Liga.

We can show a first answer just by showing the economic value of the team roster of clubs inside each national league. Economic valuation of player is a very nice proxy for sportive skills and talent. The sum of all economic valuations is somehow telling us which is the league that counts with more aggregate sport talent. This should provide us the insight about the relative quality and attractiveness of the different national leagues in Europe.

We use the economic valuation estimates provided by Transfermarkt, a web site that is becoming a reference in this field. Next figure shows the results using these estimates.

The English Premiership is currently commanding the ranking, with an estimate combined value of almost 3.4 billion euro. Second most powerful league is Spanish Liga, with 2.5 billion euro. Third comes the Italian calcio (2.1 billion). Number four is German Bundesliga (1.8 billion euro). France Ligue 1 takes fifth position (1.45 billion euro).

Four other leagues count with a value bigger than 500 million euro (Russia, Portugal, Turkey and Netherlands).

Arrived to this point, many argue that economic power of a league is not a sound measure for gauging the quality and the attractiveness of a national championship. It is argued that even if total sport quality is relevant, it may even be more important to check how this total amount of quality is distributed among the different teams participating in the competition. If quality is distributed very unequally and concentrated is very few teams, then the attractiveness of the competition may fall dramatically. By contrast, it may be considered that a more modest national league in terms of football stars may be in the end more attractive to followers (and as business model) if quality is more equally distributed among teams.

All this debate is labeled in the sport economics area as ‘competitive balance’ analysis. Economists have identified different metrics for measuring the actual extent of balance of sport power among teams pertaining to a given league. A lot of scientific literature has emerged dealing with causes influencing the state and dynamics of competitive balance in sports. It has also been studied the impact of competitive balance in demand of sport, and it has derived into recommendations concerning the design of competitions for improving competitive balance.

The underlying hypothesis is that competitive balance as defined by the metrics increase the attractiveness of the competition.

As announced in the title, the main goal of this post is to gauge which are currently the most attractive national football leagues in Europe. If we follow mainstream economic analysis, we are asked to address the issue by measuring the degree of competitive balance of each championship.

Choosing a metric for pre-season competitive balance

First task is to choose a metric for giving values to the degree of competitive balance in each country. A myriad of measures of competitive balance have been developed and proposed insofar. As competitive balance refers to the degree of equality of all teams taking part in a championship, many measures are built around the difference between the status of perfect sport performance equality of all teams and current situation. Barely all measurements apply ex-post analysis based in actual results. The typical instrument used is number of points obtained by each team at the end of the season. The index of competitive balance is obtained by a composite measure of the difference between number of points if all teams finished with the same number of winning games and actual number of points (above or below).

As our intention is to provide information about the attractiveness of leagues in Europe before the season starts, we cannot adopt the traditional approach, as by definition we do not have information about current season sport performance. It would be inappropriate to use information about classification reached in the previous season, as each season supposes a rupture: new hirings and transfers, change of coaches.

We could use the information already shown concerning the economic value of the team roster in the current season. As explained, this is probably a good proxy for sportive talent of each team. Differences in economic value of teams inside a national championship could tell us a lot about expected competitive balance for the current season 2012/13.

Of course, there is a strong relationship between economic investment in a team and sport success. This is evident and it has been confirmed by all empirical studies. Money brings trophies. See for instance the close relationship between classification by points in the English Premiership and the economic value of the team roster.

We like the current economic value of the team roster as proxy for the expected competitive balance of each national league for season 2012/13. But we will not choose it because this measure is not able to capture other non quantitative aspects that do affect sport performance of a team. Consider for instance the role of the coach. He (or she) may affect dramatically the sport performance of a team, for any given value of the team roster. Also, the degree of experience and link-up of the team players may vary also strongly.

We prefer to select a rather holistic measure of expected team sport performance: title winning chances as estimated by professional betting firms. Online betting provides us a valuable and transparent information about experts’ estimations about the sport quality and skills of any sport player or team. Estimations may be wrongly determined, but we do not expect them to be biased, as betting firms are risking their money by the rewards given by the betting odds offered for any single sport event offered to bettors.

The variable we choose is the assigned probabilities for each team member of a league to win the championship by the betting firm. We use the measures provided by the leading betting firm Bwin.com, for estimated before the commencement of the season in each country. This is a measure that stresses the differences between top and bottom teams in terms of sport quality: many teams in a league have almost no chance to win the championship under reasonable assumptions, and their assigned probability to win approaches zero. This is not a methodological problem as far as there is a direct and positive relationship between ex ante winning probabilities and the final position taken in the table at the end of the season. If this is so, we can use the betting odds as an indirect measure of pre-season competitive balance.

See as example the case of the English football premiership. It shows the relation between the current value of the team roster of the clubs taking part in the English football premiership and their probabilities of becoming the new title champion, as estimated by the online betting firm Bwin. We find a clear positive relation between economic power (and team roster sport talent) and expected sport success. We find also that there is an economic threshold establishing the barrier for becoming a championship challenger: it is impossible to become a true contender for teams with a team roster value lower than 200 million euros. This is the case for 14 out of 20 participating teams.

Still taking the English case as an illustration, we have that there are three teams with substantial assigned probabilities to win the championship, while there are other three teams that count with thin but existing probabilities to win the title. Betting right now for any other of the remaining 14 teams as 2012/13 title champions is wasting your money as it is currently considered as an almost impossible to happen event.

Betting chances is the variable that we have chosen to measure the attractiveness of a competition. Does this picture correspond to an exciting or a boring season for English championship followers?

As almost always in our analysis, absolute numbers don’t carry a lot of information. Figures become informative when the are put into perspective. One option is to use dynamic analysis, comparing current situation with values in previous season. But as our goal was to talk about competitions in Europe, the other approach is to compare values in different countries for the same season. This is what we do now.

Football competition attractiveness analysis using a competitive balance approach

Remember that we are pursuing our analysis about the attractiveness of football leagues by using competitive balance methods, as in mainsteam sports economic literature it is argues that competitive balance is a necessary condition for ensuring the fans’ demand for sports. We will escape later from this approach, but right now we continue our analysis using pre-season betting odds into a competitive balance framework.

If we adapted our measure from traditional competitive balance measures, we should estimate the aggregate deviation between actual betting chances to win the championship against the one corresponding to a perfect competitive balance scenario. We will not use this measure, as we prefer to apply another one that allows a much intuitive and easier interpretation.

We calculate first which is the betting odds corresponding to a perfect competition balance status. It corresponds to the value where all teams count with the same ex ante probability to win the championship (Pcb). This is as easy as Pcb=1/Tn, being Tn the number of teams taking part in the championship. This means that this value will vary depending on the total number of teams. In Europe it ranges between 1o teams (Austria and Switzerland) and 20 (England, Spain, Italy and France).

The measure of pre-season competitive balance that we propose is to calculate the percentage of teams that are assigned by the betting firms with a probability odd to win the championship equal or bigger than Pcb, the probability under perfect competitive balance conditions.

We present the competitive balance results concerning top 23 leagues in Europe by economic power (only Ukraine is missing), for the season 2012/13. The results refer to a context of perfect competitive balance as defined above.

The minimum score (8.3%) is reached in Scotland. There is only one team, Glasgow Rangers above the Pcb value. The other most unbalanced championships are in the Spanish Liga (10%), Germany (11.1%) and Serbia (12.5%).

In the opposite, the leagues showing the highest competitive balance ratios are Russia, Poland and Sweden, with valued bigger than 30%: almost one third of participating teams can claim counting a true chance to become the champion of the tournament.

Among top 10 leagues, we find that the more balanced are Russia, Netherlands and Italy, and the ones presenting the lowest levels of competitive balance are Spain and Germany. England is in between.

We have imposed ha very stringent threshold with the reference Pcb. It would be interesting to see how the picture is modified if the competitive balance conditions are somehow relaxed. We could apply the same analysis for still relevant winning odds, but smaller than Pcb. The idea is to calculate the number of teams that reach at least the status of a fraction of the Pcb value.

Soft competitive balance values still make sense in our quest for identifying the most attractive football national leagues.  We can take also into  consideration for instance teams with at least 50% of the perfect competitive balance status (SPcb=Pcb/2). This new sample of ‘competitive’ teams include new teams that even if they are not really considered as realistic contenders for winning the championship (except under extraordinary conditions) they present a sufficient sport talent and quality in the squad. In normal times this will ne be enough to allow these teams to fight for the championship title till the end of the season. But this also means that this kind of teams are strong enough to punctually win any type of game, even against top ranked teams (at least when they play at home). If we include these second line teams in our competitive balance analysis, we can gather a more nuanced picture of the state of competitive balance among leagues in Europe.

We present in the following figure the results of competitive balance using a soft measure. We have chosen a quite soft ratio, SPcb=Pcb/3, which means that we include in the new set almost all teams presenting an actual competitive power to fight against almost all teams in the league. We have included as term of coparison the values reached using strict competitive balance measures (Pcb).

According to our results, Austria present by far the highest competitive balance standards: 70% of all teams are above the threshold. We find then as much as 8 different leagues with soft competitive rations ranging between 40% and 50%: Germany, Russia, Turkey, Romania, Switzerland, Poland, Croatia and Denmark.

As for the leagues presenting the lowest rates of competitive balance, we find Spain and Scotland. In both cases, only two teams count with relevant winning probabilities. There are other three championship showing Soft competitive balance rates below 30%: Portugal, Norway and Serbia.

If we restrict the analysis to top ten championships, we observe that Germany, Russia and Turkey count with a really nice number of relevant contenders in the league. They are then really open competitions. Comparing soft to strict competitive balance results we observe that Germany and Turkey change radically their status, as they presented low values in terms of Pcb. This is telling us that in bot Germany and Turkey there are few aspirants to win the title, but many other strong mid class teams. England, Italy, France and Portugal present a quite similar competitive balance structure: the competition is controlled by just 3-4 teams, but almost one third of the participating teams count with the quality to dispute and win a match against any opponent.

The Spanish league is one in a kind among top national leagues: This is a pure story of two, the archrivals FC Barcelona and Real Madrid, and there isn’t anyone else expected in this battle. This is competition completely dominated by the two teams accumulating top football stars and titles locally and internationally.

Under all competitive balance standards we should conclude that the Spanish liga is an almost completely unbalanced structure, that can be used as study case.

Then, applying competitive balance lessons and recommendations, we could conclude that the Spanish Liga is by far the most boring championship in Europe. From the very beginning we know that there are 18 teams out of 20 that have no chances at all to contest Real Madrid-Barcelona domination, and even that they have almost no chance to resist a single match against them.

This conclusion is in fact shared by many football followers in Spain, especially for those supporting a team other than Real Madrid or Barça. This perception is also shared by other international football fans.

As I don’t share this view, I will try to explain in the next section why I am convinced that the Spanish league is not the most boring league in Europe. I rather consider that it is still one of the most attractive ones, even if nobody can question the fact that it is completely unbalanced.

Searching for a more genuine measure of the attractiveness of football leagues

Increasing competitive balance means diminishing the sportive performance gap between top and bottom teams taking part in a competition. This has as a consequence an increase of the incertitude about the outcome of games between top and bottom teams. Thus, promoting more competitive balance has as expected result to increase the attractiveness of each match and of the whole competition. More competitive balance drives more spectacle. Competitive imbalance tends to create boring games and boring competitions.

Of course, I don’t pretend to question this basic result. But my point is that competitive balance, understood as it generally as increased equality among all teams in a league is not for me the main driver of attractiveness of the competition.

More important than the uncertainty of a match is the magnitude of the reward at stake in the match. Of course, the best of the worlds in terms of match and sport competition attractiveness is that you count both with a lot to win/lose in a match, and high degree of incertitude about the result of the match. But the extent of the reward is in itself the main source of spectacle and passion linked to sports.

The most precious rewards in sports competitions is becoming the champion. When analysing the attractiveness of football leagues in Europe, the right question is to estimate how hard is to win the championship in this league. It would seem that these considerations drive us back again towards traditional measures of competitive balance, as when overall competition increases in a league, it becomes more difficult to be the champion. While this is not untrue, this relationship is not the most important one.

Even if this seems paradoxical and provocative, the main factor behind a ‘hard to win championship’ is not overall competitive balance, and even not the number of top teams counting with relevant probabilities to fight for the championship. The main variable making more costly to win the championship is the difference in probabilities to win the championship between number one favourite and number two.

If top two teams in a league are tied in championship favouritism, the attractiveness of the whole competition is maintained at its hight, as the main reward of the competition, the champion, is completely undefined. Of course, if instead of having two teams tied as champion favourites a league has the chance to have three or four teams, the spectacle is even higher.

But having  just two tied teams is enough to count with an exciting competition as far as the uncertainty about the future champion is maintained.

We arrive to this point to the critical problems of traditional competitive balance measures. Competitive balance would take high values in leagues having one clear favorite (having 20-30 percent points of advantage against the followers in terms of probabilities of winning the competition) plus three-four other teams that are quite strong profile but lying well behind top one favorite. Competitive balance will provide low marks for a league with just two top teams tied in winning probabilities with the other teams of the league with no real chances to get the title. The problem is that in the first case, even if you count with some four-five good teams, you count from the very beginning with a clear championship favorite: the main reward of the competition is almost assigned before the competition stars. The contenders will play nice games and eventually beat the main favorite, but they won’t be able to become true rivals in the championship fight. The league will no reach high levels of attractiveness, as there is one clear favorite to win the championship.

Consider the story in the following way: we have a national league with two-three top teams that are fighting for the championship title. As long as the distance in points between them is small, it is unpredictable to determine who will be the champion and the competition if attractive for followers: the owner of the main reward of the whole competition is undecided. The high degree of uncertainty makes that each game played by these teams are crucial: the victory is needed to maintain the race to the title championship. If a team succeeds in gaining a substantial advantage against the other one-two competitors as the season advance, then the degree of tension associated to the competition drops dramatically. Once a clear favorite emerges, there remain only second level rewards to be assigned: teams fighting for a place in next season international competitions, and teams trying to avoid relegation positions.

This drop of interest of the championship when there is a big gap between the first team and the followers may appear at the end of the season, at mid-season… or even before the competition starts.

This is our main point. We can measure at the beginning of the season how attractive a national football championship is expected to be by monitoring the assigned probabilities to win the championship to top favorite team against the chances assigned to the contenders teams. Arrived to this point, we can confirm that this measure of the expected attractiveness of a football league is not directly linked to competitive balance measures.

Our measure of expected attractiveness if national football leagues: the Boring Championship Index

The measure that we propose to check the expected degree of attractiveness of football leagues in European countries is easy, simple and direct.

The basic measure is the Boring Competition Index is simply the difference between top 1 team and top 2 team in terms of the assigned probabilities wto win the championship, as estimated by the betting firms. As explained before, we use Bwin odds as reference for our analysis.

The figure below shows the results concerning season 2012/13 for top 24 leagues.

According to our data, the leagues that are expected to be more uninteresting are Scotland, Croatia, France and Denmark. In the first three cases, the favorite team counts with more than 50 percent points of advantage over the second most powerful team of the league concerning the chances to win the title. The advantage is so massive, that there is no uncertainty at all in these leagues. Except the occurence of a major sportive disaster (that would make a lot of money for contrarian bettors), we know before the first day of the competition the name of the winner of the championship. We know that PSG will be the champion in France, Glasgow Rangers in Scotland, Dinamo Zagreb in Croatia and FC Copenhagen in Denmark.

According to us, this situation kills the main source of attractiveness of a competition, and makes it a rather boring spectacle for followers of football. The very important point is that this clear source of lack of attractiveness of a sport competition (affecting demand and revenues) is not well captured in traditional competitive balance measures, as we will proof in the next section.

Moving now to the opposite situation, we find that the most attractive lagues in terms of winner uncertainty are Romania, Czech Republic, Norway and Poland. In these leagues there are at least two teams so tied in terms of expected sport performance, that it is impossible to predict right now which one will win the championship. As long as the suspense is maintained during the season, these leagues will capture the attention of local football followers.

If we restrict the analysis to top ten leagues in Europe, we find that the less attractive leagues are France by far, followed by Russia and Italy. The leagues that count with most unpredictable champion are Spain, Turkey, Netherlands and England. The spectacle will be sustained while the gap in points is thin among top teams. As some of these big leagues also attract massive international media coverage and fans supporting, they ensure the offering of an excellent and very valuable ‘entertainment product’.

(further analysis coming)

Country Branding and Sport Success. The Impact For Spain of Becoming the Football UEFA Euro 2012 Champion Vs Italy 4-0

This is the last post in our series about media impact of football UEFA 2012.

We have monitored the impact of football matches during this top national sport competition in Europe, and we have addressed different issues using this common framework.

In all previous analysis about this competition, we have used image content analysis of photos used in published news as raw material for our metrics analysis.

We will use again image content analysis in this post.

Now the element we want to address is to propose some measurements about a much talked issue: the impact of sport mega events and championship for the hosting countries or for the champion team.

There are a lot of discussions and studies about the economic impact for the organizing country. There are also some studies and conversations about the benefits that a country can obtain after winning a top sport competition, besides the purely sport triumph.

We have addressed this issue in some of our previous posts in this blog. We have argued that one relevant element in measuring the impact of mega events and sport sucess is linked to enhancing country brand and reputation. We have discussed about place branding when we have monitored the impact of negative events like violent rioting in Barcelona during a Spanish general strike, (See here the Barcelona rioting media impact analysis) and the negative impact for brand image of Poland and and Warsaw of clashed between hoolingans during this Euro 2012. (See here the Clashes in Warsaw case)

But, of course, sport mega events may produce substantial positive effects for brand image of the hosting country if the organizing events go smoothly, and positive image effects for the country winning the championship.

We run a comprehensive mdia impact analysis of the positive benefits for South Africa for perfectly organizing the FIFA World Cup 2010. We also monitored in that study the extraordinary positive impact for the image of Spain as country champion of the competition.

You can access to the report (in Spanish) about the country brand impact of FIFA World Cup for Spain here: MRI Universidad de Navarra, Country Reputation section.

We applied in that case a news content analysis.

Now, we apply, as announced, image content analysis of news.

We have explained the insights of our image content metrics in previous posts in this series about Euro 2012. The intuition supporting the attractiveness of the news image content analysis is easy: a lot of information about an event or issue covered in the news is contained in the body of the article. It is sometimes difficult to seize the profile chosen by the author of the article, as many combined facts are included in the text. The title of the article will tell a lot about the perception selected by the journalist. The other element that provides a lot of information about the position taken by the journalist is the photo chosen to illustrate the article. Is many cases, the image chosen captures the ‘soul’ of the news. Even in cases were the image does not reflect the spirit of the article, if plays a huge influence in readers’ perception. This is why we consider that image content analysis of newspapers as developped by MRI Universidad de Navarra provide a powerful metrics tool for reputation or branding analysis.

The case we are covering in this post is really especially appealing, as we have a combination of news almost perfectly opposed as image profiler, in the same time period. In the economy side, Spain has become a leading international reference in the news in May and June for its critical economic and financial problems. Spain is suffering a year 2012 with an impressive economic recession, after four years of economic crisis. Unemployment rate is setting international records. Finally, the adjustment applied to its banking system has provocked the emergence of structural problems, driving to the nationalization of Bankia and the call to a financial rescue action to Europe. It is probably impossible to create a darker image in the economy front.

We have in parallel a number of recent sport sucesses by Spanish sport players and teams. Rafa Nadal in tennis (Roland Garros champion in May), Fernando Alonso in Formula One (current leader), MotoGP, and now the Spanish football team.

The Spanish football team is the new football champion in Europe after beating Italy in the final with an astonishing 4-0 result, the largest win in an Euro final. Big and spectacular game, and also outstanding sport performance: Spain in the first country in Europe winning three major championships in a row: UEFA Euro 2008 and 2012 and FIFA World Cup 2010.

Our aim in this post is to measure and to show you the media impact of the combination of good news and bad news about Spain, and the specific impact of the sport success in Euro 2012.

We have chosen to analyze the results coming from media in Germany. This is probably the most interesting country to monitor, as Germany is playing a major role in the current economic and financial crisis in Europe, as leading country deciding how to find solutions and providing funding for them. German media will be thus  specially aware concerning the ongoing financial crisis in Spain. Germany is also strongly interested in UEFA Euro 2012, as football is the leading sport in this country in popularity and German team was seen as one of top favorites to win the competition (it was eventually eliminated by Italy in the semi finals stage).

As explained, we have applied as metrics the image content analysis of the photos used in newspapers in Germany in news explicitly mentioning Spain (‘Spanien’).

The time period covered is between June 1 and July 9 2012. This include a pre Euro 2012 period (June 1 to June 8) and a post Euro period (July 2 to July 9).

We have monitored the news published in newspapers by units of three consecutive days. Applying image content analysis, we have organized the results into different categories, that will be explained when we comment the empirical results

Let’s present and analyze the results.

We present the global detailed results in the first figure. Photos showing positive imaging for brand Spain are coloured in green, photos showing negative perceptions are coloured in red, neutral images are in white.

The share of positive related images about Spain move beetween 48% and 70% of all news before Euro 2012 starts (it started in June 8, but it started for Spain in June 10, when it played its first match). So, just before the commencing of Euro 2012, negative news about bad economic conditions in Spain and the negociations for rescuing the Spanish banking system took som 40% of all news about Spain in German press.

What happened during the three weeks of Euro 2012 championship? As we could expect, news and images about the Spanish football team success took an ever increasing place. Images about football represented a minimum of 45% of all news about Spain and an extraordinary peak of 85% of all news when Spain got the title.

This means that sport almost completely overcome the negative news about the economic and financial problems of Spain during the Euro 2012.

The positive impact of Euro 2012 of Spanish country brand is confirmed only when Spain wins the title: the huge quantity of news created around the Euro is transformed into huge positive quality of news when Spain becomes the event champion.

The figure below summarizes the positive impact of Euro by representing the share of news that it represents in German media: this is a huge 60% of all news about Spain during three weeks.

In the following figure we show the detail of the source of news with a positive impact of brand Spain. It provides the evidence of the dramatic impact of sport successes like Euro 2012, as new brand capital.

In the final figure we show the global picture of all news about Spain in German newspapers, both positive and negative. News about Euro 2012 represent 45% of all news about Spain during this period.

Euro 2012 is by far the first provider of positive news for Spain during June 2012. Second source of positive news (16.3%) are touristic related images (touristic destinations, beaches, hotels). Other categories of positive news play a minor role in coparison: images about culture and cultural events (3.3%), images about food and gastronomy (2.5%).

The most relevant fact is that during the critical period when Spanish economy was under attack and pushed the Government to call and finally obtain a rescue fund from Europe forits national banking system, the size of the very negative news about these problems (21.1%) were less than half the size of images about the successful Euro 2012.

Yes, sport success plays a major role in country branding, and it can be measured.

Annex: Examples of German Newspapers Cover

We propose as a complement of this post a selection of few cover pages of some German newspapers. Both titles, content and images are relevant.

We propose first some examples of cover pages in German newspapers at the beginning of Euro 2012, around June 10. Spain appears as top news in Germany because of the Spanish banking rescue program by Europe.

Here the cover by Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, the most influential newspaper in Germany (‘The next one, please: Spain. Up to one hundred billion euro for ailing banks’)

The following cover reflects both the importance of the economic problems is Spain as viewed in Germany, and the media power of football. This is a cover page that captures quite well the story in our post about the impact of sport events and success in country branding.

And now three examples of leading German newspapers the day after Spain won the Euro 2012. Of course, ec0nomic and financial problems in Spain did not disappear by July 2 2012.

 

 

UEFA Euro 2012 Quarter Finals: Spain, Germany, Portugal and Italy. Winning Teams, Winning Stars. Media Coverage Analysis

We continue our series about media impact analysis of football UEFA Euro 2012 championship.

Quarter finals results

Last eight teams were confronted in a single knockout round, in quarter finals, to determine the last four semifinalists.

Games were played between 21 and 24 June 2012.

Teams and results were:

Portugal – Czech Republic 1-0 (Cristiano Ronaldo)

Germany – Greece 4-2 (Lahm, Khedira, Klose, Reus // Samaras, Salpigidis)

Spain- France 2-0 (2 Xabi Alonso)

Italy – France 0-0 (penalties 4-2).

So, the semifinals of the tournament are:

Portugal Vs Spain

Germany Vs Italy

Media value in the final stages of the competition

It’s time for glory for the teams reaching the final stages of the competition. There are less and less teams competing, there is much more now at stake. Media coverage increases and focusses in the remaining teams and players. Just three big games to play (two semifinals and the final), but they have the power to create new winning and prestigious teams, and launching new heroes of football, or confirming and strengthening the established football stars.

Media impact measurement of the decissive matches provide us the information about how big is the reward that teams and players will receive from sport success and which players will win the more after each game. As explained in previous posts, the massive media coverage that some football players are receiving in Euro 2012 is translated into increased media value. Football media value is an almost direct mesure of future commercial power of players of football stars.

The crucial games are still ahead. But quarter finals were already a very important step and have their own impact in terms of media value.

Comparative media impact analysis

We propose in this post a different analysis concerning post game media coverage of games.

We show this time comparative analysis of all four games. We will show also team Vs Individual media impact.

We use as in all previous posts about Euro 2012 media impact metrics based in image content analysis of photos published in newspapers the day after each game.

We have chosen news published in British media, except for the match Italy Vs England. In order to avoid media bias we have chosen media coverage in Spanish newspapers for Italy vs England.

We present as first result the distribution of media coverage received by each team. In the following figure, we present the share reached by all eight teams in quater finals. Green bars refer to qualified teams to the semifinals. Red bars correspond to eliminated teams.

Winning teams control between 64% adn 72% of all post game media coverage. Losing teams receive between 36% and 28% of the post game media attention.

According to our results, the game with the highest orientation towards the winning team was Portugal Vs Czech Republic. 71.6% of all post game coverage about the match turned in favour of players from Portugal. Second team most massivelly followed was Germany (68%). Winners Spain and Italy shared media space with losers France and England.

The increased attention in favour to Portugal reflects that the game was seen as very unbalanced and that the Czech Republic players did not deserve much attention because of their lack of sport performance. It also reflects the increased expectations created by Portugal. At the beginning of the competition, Portugal was just the seventh favorite team to win the championship, according to Bwin odds. After the end of the group stage, Portugal jumped to third favorite, ahead of other prestigious teams in the quater finals (all teams that were eventually eliminated, plus Italy).

Team Vs individual stars media impact

In this section we proceed to the analysis of the media coverage given to each match, by focusing the attention to the place given to individual stars versus team success.

We have applied the following strategy. Applying image content analysis, we have distinguished the images showing just one player (or the coach) to photos showing several team players, tipically celebrating a goal or the qualification for the next round. This analysis allow us to study how do media perceive the sources of the success of the team: individual versus collective contributions. Of course, media choices are strongly determined by the actual development of the match. There are matches with clear individual heroes who capture almost all media glory, while in other cases there are more than one heroe or key protagonists of the match are unclear.

Based on the results of the four games, we should expect  a huge individual media coverage for Spain (Xabi Alonso scored all two goals), and Portugal (Cristiano Ronaldo scored the only decissive goal, he had other clear scoring opportunities). As for the other two winning teams, we count with the extreme cases. We have a lot of protagonists in Germany, as there are four different scorers, and even the man of the match was another player, Mesut Özil. As for Italy, we have no clear heroes, as there were no scorers during the regular time. In the penalty series, Nocerino missed his shot, goalkeeper Buffon just blocked one penalty and Pirlo reached protagonism using an unusual soft shot (Panenka style). Andrea Pirlo became eventually the Man of the match.

We present our empirical results in the following four figures.

We find that Portugal is the team were media coverage is more oriented to individual players, with 48% of all images about the match. The vast majority of them show Cristiano Ronaldo as protagonist.

We have discussed in some previous posts the relevance of Euro 2012 for CR7 individual interests. According to our results, Leo Messi is the most valuable player of the season in terms of media value (see the post about Football media valur report 2012). In the last four seasons, the most valuable player by media value got thereafter the Ballon d’Or. Our prediction is thus that Leo Messi will win the FIFA Ballon d’Or 2013… except if Cristiano Ronaldo continue to emerge as the decissive team leader and Portugal reached the final or even win the title. In any case, we can confirm that the quarter finals had an excellent positive impact for Cristiano Ronaldo.

As expected, second team more oriented to individual post game reward is Spain. Individual images refer mainly to Xabi Alonso. Individual share is 35% of all news. This is quite less that the share reached by Cristiano Ronaldo (48%).

As for the other two winning teams, we find that individual images reach 22% value for Italy, and a mere 14% share for Germany. Images explaining Germany outstanding performance against Greece is reflected in collective images showing the strength of the group.

(more content coming)

Top Teams in Euro 2012 Group Stage. Media Views in Germany, Britain, Italy

We propose a new analysis about media impact of football Euro 2012, after our series about individual matches analysis (see some posts below, or click in ‘Categories’ section, under ‘Euro 2012′).

Now we conduct the analysis of the media coverage given to this sporting event since its start by 8 June 2012, till the end of the Group stage, by 20 June 2012.

For those not familiar with this sport event, UEFA Euro 2012 is the major football (soccer) event in Europe at national team level. It takes place every four years, and it takes place now as final tournament, in Poland and Ukraine.

There are 16 teams playing in this final tournament in Poland and Ukraine. There is a group stage each one with four teams. Two of them classify for the knock-out stages (quater, semis and final).

The teams qualified for the knock-out stage are:

Group A: Czech Republic, Greece.

Group B: Germany, Portugal.

Group C: Spain, Italy.

Group D: England, France.

Powerful football teams eliminated: Netherlands, Sweden, Russia, Croatia, and local teams Poland and Ukraine.

Sport mega events and place branding

The event receives massive media attention in Europe, and some broadcasting and media coverage outside Europe in countries with strong football tradition and fan base.

Organizing and hosting sport mega events plays a major role as city and country branding and rebranding tool. This is particularly the case for places with rather low international visibility or a poor brand profile: mega events can create a lasting positive effect in city and country brand… if things evolve correctly. Bad news during mega events can reach the status of afwul devastating news for the brand equity of organizing places.

We observed one of such incidents during this Euro 2012 that become a nightmare for country organizers and PR team: highly rival countries Poland and Russia played a decissive match, the day of Russia Day, to be played in Warsaw. Introduction went directly to natural conclusion: there were a number of violent clashes between hoolingans from both parties just beneath the stadium, with the presence of international press.

We proposed a flash media impact measurement of the clashes, that you can access here: Image Impact for Poland of Clashes Between Polish and Russian Fans. This was bad news for Poland branding.

The other cases that we have explored in this blog about Euro 2012 are the identification of top stars of a singular match based in the post game analysis of the images shown by the newspapers about the game. In some cases we have also proceed into a pre-game media coverage. As said, if interested, you can access the analysis of a particular team by chosing it in the ‘Euro 2012′ chapter of the ‘Categories’ section.

Now we study how the initial Group stage has been ‘viewed’ by the media in different countries.

We have conducted the analysis using the same approach applied in all previous cases about Euro 2012: through image content analysis of photos of news about the Euro 2012.

We count with a number of relevant items concerning media coverage given in each country, like the extent of images about violence and protests, the presence of official logos and sponsors, or images about fans, stadia and city views. We will eventually show the results about these elements in a future post in this blog.

Here in this post we restrict the analysis to the media coverage given in each country to each one of the 16 competing teams, in news published by local media during the initial group stage, between 8 and 20 June 2012.

Media coverage and sport business

We have monitored media coverage given in three big countries in Europe in terms of population, economic power and football fan base and tradition: Germany, Britain and Italy. Teams from all these three countries compete in the tournament, and all three have qualified for the knock-out stage of the competition.

We have shown in a previous post that our research center, MRI Universidad de Navarra publishes an annual report about media value in football, based basically in the same approach shown here: rankings are based in media coverage received by football players and teams during the season.

This is the post concerning the basic results about season 2011/12.

Football Media Value Report 2012

The figure below shows the list of top 10 football players 2012. Seven of them are currenly playing at UEFA Euro 2012.

As explained in that post, rankings about media value in sports are not just a matter of curiosity. It provides a relevant information in sport business, as media value of players and teams is the best tool to predict their commercial power.

In this sense, the media coverage that football players are receiving thanks to their sport performance and the success of their team has also direct implications in footballers’ media value, that stay after the competition ends.

As explained in the mentioned post about Football media value report, we find that in the last four seasons, top football player by media value according to MRI Universidad de Navarra eventually received afterwards the FIFA Ballon d’Or. Argentinian star Messi (FC Barcelona) is the most valuable player of the season. But number two is Cristiano Ronaldo (Real Madrid). The Portuguese star is receiving tremendous media exposure thanks to his decissive contribution to team success. Added media value by Cristiano Ronaldo could have a crucial influence in changing the trend observed these last four seasons and be awarded as top footballer of the year.

Thus, media coverage analysis of Euro 2012 provides information relevant not only for football fans, but again for professionals and people interested in sport business.

Local media coverage

What is the expected media behaviour in a country concerning the coverage of a sport event where your national team is taking part? Of course, we expect a strong bias towards the local team, and eventually also towards direct rivals of the local team.

Finding this result will then not be a surprise, nor a very relevant result. But again, as always, things become more interesting and useful if we are interested in knowing the ‘how much’ about this bias: how much media attention takes the local team in the news and how much space is left to the other 15 teams? And, excluding media coverage provided to local team, which teams are most followed by the media in the different countries? Do all countries follow a common path? Finally, what is the picture emerging from the sum of individual biased views?

Let’s go for empirical answers based in the analysis of the case Euro 2012 for media in Germany, Britain and Italy.

Euro 2012 media coverage in Germany

We show first results about media coverage in Germany.

We present in the figure below the media coverage given to all 16 participating teams by German press. Values refer to the percentual share of the total media attention received by each team.

We have the first answer concerning the extent of media bias towards local team, applied to Germany: German team is the reference of one third of all images about the Euro 2012. This is more than three times than media coverage given to the secong team in the list. This is Spain, with 10% of all images. Among top 5 teams we find two rivals in Group B: Netherlands and Denmark. There was apparently less media attention to Portugal, the other team in Group B. We also find 6 teams qualified for next round among top 9 teams by media impact in Germany.

Media coverage in Britain

We move now to the analysis of media coverage given by British media.

There is almost exactly the same pattern in terms of media bias in Britain: media attention to local team reaches some one third of all photos included in news about the Euro 2012 by British media.

As for the teams behind, we find also here that the main reference is Spanish team, the current title holder and one of the leading favorites to win the championship. Quite surprisingly, we do not find a substantial increase of media exposure of England rival teams (France, 6th; Sweden and Ukraine, 14th and 15th). Media attention is focussed in top traditional football teams: Spain, Italy, France, Netherlands, Germany.

Media coverage in Italy

Our third case is news coverage in Italy.

Same story, once again. Bias towards local team is translated into a media coverage of slighly more than one third of total media coverage. Rival team Spain takes again leading positions, but the second place is taken by England. Portugal takes a privileged position in comparison with media in other countries. Almost all attention is focussed in Portuguese mega star Cristiano Ronaldo. Team rivals (Ireland, Croatia) receive a higher media exposure in Italy than in the other countries.

Comparative media coverage

We have observed some commonalities among the three cases selected. They can emerge more easily if we merge the three figures in one, as shown in the figure below.

We confirm the presence of an almost same image in terms of covering the local team. In all three countries media choose Spain as the leading reference. We find more variability concerning media coverage given to other teams. For instance, we find that Italy provides smaller media attention to Netherlands than in the other countries. France and Portugal are underrepresented in German press.

Among teams that reached the final eight teams, we find low media attention towards Czech Republic and Portugal. They meet together in quarter finals.

Combined media impact Euro 2012 Group stage

Now, the next step is to derive the combined result emerging from media coverage given in all three countries. Results are established by a simple average of the individual results, excluding media coverage given to local teams.

Results are purely illustrative and do no reflect a systematic and true ranking of media impact of teams. We have chosen just news from three countries. Even if they are big markets, the representativeness of the results requires to include Spain, Netherlands and eventually some other countries.

But the results we show below reach the goal we are looking for. They show a non representative but informative ranking about global media coverage received by each one of the 16 participating teams.

We find that the top ranked country in this fist stage of the competition is Spain, followed by England and France. Quite surprisingly, we find low valuations for the German team (just seventh position), even if they are the unique team obtaining three wins and being considered one of the favorite teams of the competition. We find that seven qualified teams appear among top eight teams by global media impact. This confirm as always in all our analysis the direct relationship between sport performance and media impact. This is also why media impact leads to commercial power.

The other conclusion behind the results of this ranking is that we confirm once more this so surprising and appealing result relying in our analysis of sport media value: national media coverage is always strongly biased towards local readers’ interests. But the sum of all strongly biased views, by adding news coverage from different countries, creates an emerging picture which progressively eliminates biases. The elimination of bias can be measured by the increase of the relationship between global media impact and sport performance, as this link is lower at national level.

This is also telling us that the calculation of rankings of media impact about brands that are global, like sport brands, requires taking measurements from all over the world; otherwise, result will be strongly biased and irrelevant. This is what we do in our reports and rankings about media value of football teams and athletes.

(more content coming)

Football Media Value Report 2012

(Puede ver la versión española de esta entrada en ‘Informe del valor mediático del fútbol 2012‘)

We have just realeased the Football Media Value Report 2012, Season 2011/12.

This is the 7th edition of this annual report published by Media, Reputation and Intangibles, Universidad de Navarra.

You can visit our site at Economics, Sport and Intangibles unit, ESI Universidad de Navarra, where you can find information and free reports about football and media value and other sports (Olympics, Formula One, Tour de France).

Media value is estimated by the number of news received by each football player and teams during the whole season. We monitor media from countries in all continents.

According to our estimations, Argentinian star at FC Barcelona, Leo Messi, is again the football player who has received most media coverage during the season.

This is four times in a row as the leading football star in the world in terms of global media coverage. He has 28.8 points of media value. This means that Messi has appeared in news almost 29 times more than the average football players taking part in the Champions League this season.

Second most valuable player is Cristiano Ronaldo (Real Madrid) with 20.7 points. Archrivals Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo, FC Barcelona Vs Real Madrid have completely dominated the media scene during the season, as third player most talked in the news is far away. This is Didier Drogba (Chelsea) , with 12.4 points. Even if Drogba and his team did not perfom well during the regular season, Drogba has played a determinant role in allowing Chelsea FC winning the most prestigious and valuable trophy, the UEFA Champions League, for the first time ever in Chelsea’s history.

According to our results, there are no powerful emerging stars this season. There is only Van Persie (Arsenal) as a newcomer in the top 10 list. All other stars have been in the top 10 list in previous seasons.

We find as young emerging talent in the top 20 only Brazilian star Neymar (Santos) and Cavani (Naples).

If we compare top 10 players in season 2011/12  with 2010/11 results, as shown in the table below, we find that top two stars are the same, that both of them have increased their media value in this season thanks to their outstanding personal performance, and that the gap between Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo has increased. Wayne Rooney (Manchester United) has lost momentun, as he moves from third to fifth position, paying like this the price of the early elimination of his team in the Champions League.

Xavi (FCB), Iniesta (FCB) and Ibrahimovic (AC Milan) protect their position inside the top 10 club. By contrast, players losing this status are David Villa (FC Barcelona, long term injury), Fernando Torres (Chelsea, poor sport perfomance) and Samuel Eto’o (Anzhi, as he choosed to move to a club with very low media exposure, but with extraordinary salary conditions). Iker Casillas (Real Madrid) also skip from top 10 list, wich is a rather normal movement, because goalkeepers almost never receive strong media attention.

Being named the most powerful football player in the world in terms of media impact is not just a matter of pride and satisfaction for Leo Messi, for his club FC Barcelona and for Argentina. As news are like votes for sport talent and performance, becoming the number one during a whole season is an indirect way to say thay journalists all over the world consider that Leo Messi is the best player in the world right now.

In coherence with this hypothesis, we find that in the last four seasons, the football player identified by MRI Universidad de Navarra as the most valuable player eventualy was awarded later as the Ballon d’Or (now FIFA Ballon d’Or), the most prestigious individual award in football. If this is true this next season, our prediction is that Leo Messi will win his fourth Ballon d’Or in January 2013.

Concerning the ranking of top teams by media value, our results say that FC Barcelona is again the top football team in the world in terms of media value. FC Barcelona has 103 points fo media value. This is four consecutive seasons as world leader. Second most valuable team is Real Madrid, with 79.5 points. They repeat both the positions taken in the previous season.

Third team most valuable this season is Chelsea FC, with 63 points. They are one of the winners of the season, even if they performed poorly in local championship. They move from 6th to 3rd place. This shows the tremendous impact of reaching the final stages of the UEFA Champions League.

We have four teams from the Italian league, which is an increase from previous years. There are three treams from the English Premiership, two from the Spanish Liga and Bayern Munich, from German Bundesliga. Of course, Bayern as Champions League finalist is another of the winners of the season, as they move from 9th to 6th place.

Media exposure is the core factor in football and other professional sports influencing brand value. The business of sport entities is selling spectacle to fans. Media coverage is an excellent proxy for the size of the spectacle a sport brand is creating. In our previoys studies, we have found a direct relationship between media value and revenues.

Consider for instance the case of FC Barcelona. Thanks to an extraordinary generation of home grown players like Messi, Xavi, Iniesta, Puyol or Valdés, plus the role of sport manager Pep Guardiola, FC Barcelona has become a title winner team and has become the world media reference these last four seasons. Within this period of time, between 2008 and 2012, in the midst of a severe economic and financial crisis in Spain and abroad, total revenues have increased from 290 million euro in june 2007 to 461 million in june 2012. This is an increase of 58%. In the same period, Manchester United, which was the world media reference in 2008 but now has moved to 5th position, has increased revenues during the same period to just 18%.

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Update 30 October 2012: List of 23 candidates to Ballon d’Or 2013

The candidates

Keepers: Casillas, Neuer and Buffon

Defenders: Piqué and Ramos

Midfielders: Busquets, Iniesta, Xavi, Özil, Pirlo, Touré Yaya and Xabi Alonso

Forwards: Messi, Balotelli, Benzema, Agüero, Drogba, Falcao, Ibrahimovic, Neymar, Ronaldo, Rooney and Van Persie

You can gather information about each player at FIFA web site

.

Seven players aong our top 10 list by media value are included in FIFA shortlist. FIFA does not include David Villa (long term injury), Samuel Eto’o (playing now in a team with no previous international competition records) and Fernando Torres.

Online betting firms have lauched bets concerning FIFA Ballon d’Or 2013 winner. We use odds proposed by Bwin.com in order to calculate the implicit winning chances given to 23 candidates. Bwin assigns 52.7% probabilities to win to Leo Messi, 23.6% to Cristiano Ronaldo and 23.6% to any other player.

The answer: January 7, 2013.

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Other analysis in this site about FIFA Ballon d’Or