Earthquake, Tsunami and Fukushima Nuclear Crisis in Japan, One Year After – Media Impact Analysis

In this first anniversary of the massive disaster and tragedy suffered by Japanese people by 11 March 2011, we want to show with our readers some of the empirical results we gathered and learnt about media impact and reputation analysis.

This post is intended to be also a tribute to all victims of the catastrophe, specially to survivors. As many other people, I was astonished by the heroic civil society reaction to the disaster. In the midst of terrible suffering, this was really and profoundly inspiring.

I would like to share with you a video that was created and sent to me by a reader of this post a while ago. This is a highly emotional video, as you can imagine. As Lucy explained,

I’m an Australian poet/lyricist based in Canberra. A short while ago I finished a project with an American singer and producer Rick Tallis – a song dedicated to the Japanese people who died or lost their loved ones in the tsunami last March. This song is a cover of Leonard Cohen’s Hallelujah with re-written lyrics that talk about a child trapped in the rubble with their mother after the tsunami. The video of the song is now out on Youtube – a slide show of some very powerful images of the event. We would like to get the song heard and would be very grateful if you could listen to it and watch the video and share it with others, as we believe the pain and suffering caused by this tragic event is ongoing. We strongly believe that to remember is to care, especially now that it’s coming up to the first anniversary of this tragic event. We would appreciate any feedback or suggestions on how to spread the word regarding this project.

Kind regards,

Lucy Prasad

I think that this video shows the soul of this tragedy with respect, and transmits the humanity of Humanity: disaster, tragedy, immense and unbearable suffering, tears, crying and despair, injustice and grievance. Death, mourning, abandonment, loneliness. And sacrifice, struggle and fight, heroic efforts, endurance, strength, serenity and hope. Smiles and laughts. Future. Life.

If you are looking for images comparing before-after, you can check the images in the following external sources:

Before-After the earthquake and tsunami; satellite images

New York Times

El Mundo, Spain

Aftermath of the devastating effects – one year after.

New York Times

El País, Spain

See also the series by Good Morning America

Our analysis.

We pubished our first results about media impact just in the aftermath of the tsunami, still 11 March 2011, showing how the disaster was aprehended by international media, when almost nothing was know about the devstating effects, except as for the magnitude of the earthquake, measured at first at 8.9 points Richter scale. We compared initially the news content profile about the earthquake and the tsunami against news about Wikileaks, concerning their association to scandal and tragedy. This was due to the fact that all our previous post referred to the news content analysis to Wikileaks related issues.

This was followed a day after by our first analysis about media reaction to first blast in Fukushima nuclear plant. That day there was no possibility to assess the extent of the ongoing problems as possible nuclear crisis. In our third post we compared initial media coverage of tsunami in Japan against other recent tragedies or disasters, like Haiti and Chile Earthquakes 2010, Duisburg Love Parade Stampede.

We had another post measuring initial media reaction to Fukushima blast. We considered that media did not react quickly, in accordance with the foreseable crisis impact of the events. Only 12-24 hours after the blast, international media attention turned to the analysis of the implications of the nuclear plant blast. This was a 13 March 2011 post.

Using our media impact techniques, we published a first post about the cities in Japan that received more international media attention. Being able to idenify which are the cities most present in the news in a pure quanitative way allow you to identify where the focus of a crisis is located.

Results in the figure below shows the evolution of the media coverage given to main cities in the four first days after the tsunami.

Sendai was the region most devastated by the tsunami (and the one with more available video footage in the beginning). Fukushima exceeded Sendai as international media reference by the end of 12 March.

Then came the second adn third blasts in Fukushima nuclear plant, by 15 March 2012. Events turned dramatic, as it became clear that the situation was completely uncontrolled. We measured the news content profile about second blast in comparision with those about the first explosion. We had a substantial increase of news profile association to tragedy and scandal. The vector components more sensitive to second blast were ‘worrying’, ‘mistake’, ‘harm’ and ‘embarrassing’.

By 18 March 2011 we run a comparative media content analysis by countris about Fukushima nuclear crisis. We shoewd how the crisis was explained by media from the United States, India, United Kingdom and Australia. Below there is an example of the findings.

We published two post, always using our own techniques for media impact analysis, about the companies from Europe and America most affected by Japan earthquake, tsunami or Fukushima nuclear crisis. We show below the tables, and you can chek if you wish the posts in order to know more about the list.

Companies from Europe most affected by the Japan earthquake, tsunami, nuclear crisis, measured by media impact.

Companies from the United States most affected by the Japan earthquake, tsunami, nuclear crisis, measured by media impact.

Once that the initial stage of ermegency and rescue was concluded, it appeared a more clear picture of the extent of the devastation and tragedy by casualties. Many people were looking for information about the cities most affected by the earthquake and tsunami. Even if data about casualties and damages existed, it is hard to establish a list of cities, as the effects are not comparable: there are people killed by the earthquake and the tsunami, there are people missing mainly in areas devastated by the tsunami, there are buildings and infrastructure destroyed by the direct effect of the massive earthquake, or razed by the tsunami. There are finally villages and areas abandoned due to the nuclear crisis.

We wanted to provide an answer of how media perceived or focused attention in each  component of the disaster. We monitored the media impact received internationally by all cities and locations with more thn 10.000 inhabitants in relationship with tsunami, earthquake or nuclear crisis.

We published a post with the list of cities most affected by the disaster, based exclusively by the media attention received since 11 March 2011. For each city, we provided the available information concerning casualties and damages. We provided information about this table in the blog post. This is the blog entry that has received more visits.

In another related post, we investigated the relationship between media coverage received by each prefecture and the kind of casualties and damages suffered, as shown in the following figure.

We explored the existence of media bias by checking how New York Times and Wall Street Journal covered Fukushima nuclear crisis. We wanted to see if the Japanese crisis was presented by leading American  newspapers showing different perceptions concerning a very sensitive issue also in terms of local business and politics. We covered this news content analysis of the nuclear crisis storyline in two different posts (post 1, post 2).

Our analysis suggested that New York Times presented Fukushima crisis in a most dramatic way, or, conversely, that Wall Street Journal explained it in a more indulgent way. Wall Street Journal was as expected more focussed on issues with economic and commercial implications. Below, the example of a couple of figures of the analysis.

Concerning the media coverage given to Fukishima nuclear crisis, we followed an indirect indicator showing how serious the accident was judged by the media. We measured the prevalence of news about Fukushima mentioning past nuclear accidents, like Three Mile Island and Chernobyl. We published the time evolution of this measure right after Fukushima was declared a Level 7 (max) accident. This was 12 April 2012. Things worsened later, but we did not publish additional pots about this topic in this blog.

We run also a reputation an communications crisis case that emerged within the framework of the Japanese tsunami. Comedian Gilbert Gottfired was ‘the voice’ of AFLAC duck, a very popular and main brand asset of this American insurance company with a very strong presence in Japan. He published some tweets with jokes about the tsunami with an awful bad taste and sense of the opportunity. He was inmediately fired.

We performed a reputation crisis analysis based again in news content analysis. We eventually published a report with the results, that you can download here.

Our findings show that even if the nes about the jokes tarnished AFLAC reputation, as shown for instance in the figure below, quick response taken by the comany preserved the quality of the media perception about the AFLAC mascot. We also compare how media portrayed the controversy about the jokes with media treatment given to other topics judged irreverent and polemic like South Park, The Simpsons and nuclear episode.

Full report includes media perception of AFLAC in comparison with competitors like Metlife, Prudential Financial or Aetna.

Chernobyl and Three Mile Island References in News About Fukushima Nuclear Crisis

In one of our initial posts about the Japan massive earthquake and the nuclear crisis in Fukushima nuclear plant we showed to which extent media from different countries used Chernobyl nuclear disaster as reference included in news about the initial stages of Fukushima nuclear crisis. It was posted by March 16, just three days after the explosion in the nuclear facility. The severity of the accident was established as Level 4 by NISA and IAEA. But French nuclear watchdog considered it already as a Level 6 accident. Chernobyl was catalogued as a major accident, Level 7. In that moment, Chernobyl appeared in some 15-20% of all news in Europe (with a maximum of 29% in France). US media converage reached 25% of all news about Fukushima. In Asian countries, average relationship with Chernobyl was higher, between 20 and 34% of all news about Fukushima.

Today, April 12, almost a month later, NISA has raised its evaluation of Fukushima nuclear problems from Level 5 to Level 7. This is the maximum level, the same as Chernobyl. This upgrade of the assessment of the severity of the accident will probably have an incidence of Fukushima storyline media coverage from now on, that we will continue to monitor and analyze. This new evaluation will also have an impact on the ongoing nuclear debate in many countries in the world.

We show in this post the time evolution of the references to Chernobyl disaster when covering the Fukushima nuclear crisis. We compare it to the the references given to Three Mile Island.  In this nuclear plant, a nuclear accident in February 28, 1979 provoked a reactor partial meltdown. This accident was catalogued as a Level 5 in INES scale, which was till today the equivalent to Fukushima accident.

Our results show that from the very beginning Chernobyl accident was the main reference used by the media. It took an initial media impact value of some 8 points, againts a value of 3.5 points for Three Mile Island references. Media impact value refers to the relative weight of mentions to Chernobyl and Three Mile Island inside the general news storyline about Fukushima. So, a decreasing path reveals that media tend to use in a relative lower extent Chernobyl as element of news about Fukushima. We observe a sustained decreasing path till the end of March, when Chernobyl presence reaches a minimum of some 5.5 points. We observe a new upward trend since one week. Before today announcement, Chernobyl media impact value was 6.5 points. Right now it in the neraby of 8 points of media impact., becoming a new maximum in the series. Expect logically further increases in at least in the next few days.

Concerning Three Mile Island time evolution, we observe an upward trend since March 18. In that day the Japanese agency upgraded the severity of the accident from level 4 to level 5, makint it equivalent to Three Mile Island. media impact value soared in two days from 3.0 to 4.2. After this peak, a decreasing trend emerges, dropping to a minimum of 2.3 points. Right now it moves in the 3.0 area.

In the following figure we show how media has evolved in using these two past nuclear accidents as references. An upward trend indicates that media use more Chernobyl references than Three Mile Island. In the afthermath of the explosions, and specially when the third blast was suffered by the nuclear facility, fears and references to Chernobyl increased. Paradoxically, when the increase of the nuclear problems was aknowledged, Chernobyl power decreased, as Three Mile Island was the past nuclear accident similar to actual. A sharp increase of the relative presence of Chernobyl news appear at the beginning of May. Evidently, we expect to observe in the coming days a sharp increase of this ratio.

In the following graph we show how we monitor a similar information. In this case we show the evolution of the direct references of the INES values concerning the evaluation of Fukushima nuclear accident. We show here the weight of references of top INES levels since the beginning of the problems. Initial media references were marginal. They multiplied when NISA decided to raise the nuclear problem from Level 4 to Level 5. Media refer logically to both switching measures. By comparison, there is almost no references to an upgrade of the severity of the nuclear problem to Level 6 or 7. References to INES scale tend to lose weight till 22-23 March. We observe a dramatic drop at the beginning of April. This is due to the fact that we show three weeks moving-average values. The collapse shows thta reference to INES scale were concentrated around the day when the upgrade was made (March 18), and thereafter references are just marginal.

Of course, today we experience a new era concerning these series, as references to Level 7 explode, counting just with news few hours after the announcement. This initial reaction suggest that media presence of Level 7 news will be much higher than previous references to Level 5 references in the news.

Other Posts

Japan VII. Fukushima as a Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster: Media References by Countries

Japan XVII. Haiti and Japan Earthquake Media Coverage During the First Month

Japan XVI AFLAC Media Reputation: Impact of Jokes About Tsunami in Japan

Japan XV. American Companies Most Affected by Earthquake, Tsunami or Nuclear Crisis in Japan, by Media Impact

Japan XIV. New York Times and Wall Street Journal Coverage of Japan Earthquake and Fukushima Nuclear Crisis (II)

Japan XIII. New York Times and Wall Street Journal Coverage of Japan Earthquake and Fukushima Nuclear Crisis (I)

Japan XII. Japan Prefectures Media Coverage. Relationship with Personnel and Property Casualties by Earthquake and Tsunami

Japan XI. Companies in Europe Most Affected by Japan Earthquake, Tsunami, Fukushima Nuclear Crisis, by Media Impact

Japan IX. Fukushima Nuclear Crisis Media Views in United States, United Kindgom, Australia and India.

Japan VIII. Wikileaks on Fukushima and the Japan Nuclear Crisis. Measurement of the Initial Media Storyline.

New York Times and Wall Street Journal Coverage of Japan Earthquake and Fukushima Nuclear Crisis (I)

We continue our analysis of the initial media storyline of Japan earthquake and tsunami, and the related Fukushima nuclear crisis. In a previous post we have shown how the Fukushima crisis is portrayed by media from United States, United Kingdom, Australia and India. National results are elaborated by the sum of the contributions of all local newspapers.

If an event receives a relevant and sustained media impact, content storyline analysis can also be performen for singular newspapers. For instance, in precedent research projects we have measured how top US newspapers by circulation were following Republican and Democrat candidates, and to which extent they presented bias in terms of total media coverage. As the current media attention to Japan disasters is global and massive, we can study the specific behaviour of any particular newspaper.

We have chosen in this blog to show the storyline profile of two leading and influential American newspapers: The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. As these two newspapers are new content generators, they become content providers for other newspapers when cited by. As WJS is a business oriented journal, we expect to find a specific focus on the economic consequences of the earthquake and the tsunami concerning local and international companies, and this should be reflected in the storyline. Those effect are of main importance for Japan’s economy and business, but less relevant for the global economy.

But in contrast with all other big natural disasters, Tohoku earthquake captures media attention with a clear local interests interpellation, as the Fukushima nuclear crisis may seriously open the debate about the future of nuclear energy use. United States uses profusely nuclear power. According to Gallup, in year 2010, 62% of respondents were favorable to nuclear power use for generating electricity, and 33% were opposed. Approval rates are partisan: using 2009 data it appears that 71% Republicans approve nuclear energy, while the approval rate for Democrats drops to 52%. Approval rates right now are respectively 62% and 32%. As it could be expected, approval rating are falling substantially in the context of the Japanese nuclear crisis: 39% of all respondents feel a lot more concerned about a nuclear disaster occurring in the United States after events in Japan, and an additional 31% are a little more concerned.

As many people consider NYT more liberal than WSJ, or WSJ more conservative than NYT, we want to check using our approach to which extent we find a different storyline profile about Fukushima nuclear crisis between these two leading newspapers. We will compare their behaviour to the storyline resulting from all newspapers from United States in our sample.

The analysis of this post is based in the content analysis of more than 200 different articles published by NYT and some 1,300 by WSJ directly related to Japan earthquake. Even if the range of the sample is wide enough, caution is required concerning the interpretation of individual results. When the media impact of an specific storyline component of NYT or WSJ is bigger than 1.0 points, we consider that results are quite reliable, as reflect an important amount of prevalence in different news. For issues obtaining lower scores as they are less frequently in the news, individual results are not directly reliable. In this case we consider that the relevant information appears if all single storyline components pertaining to similar issues behave following a common trend.

First figure just refer to the extension given to the main events suffered by Japan. First reference is still the earthquake, specially present in WSJ news. Fukushima related news receive a similar amount of news.

The following figures refer all to the Fukushima storyline.

The first one of them refers to main global issues in relation with Fukushima. While global attention to Fukushima is similar in both newspapers, we find that NY Times insists more than WSJ concerning “radioactive”, “contamination” and somewhat also “meltdown”. If we compare both to average US newspapers, we find that is WSJ which is underscoring these issues. It follows a clear different pattern concerning media coverage to “radioactive” and “contamination”.

In the following figure we show to which extent the newspapers use the reference to past nuclear disasters as a piece of the present Fukushima crisis storyline. We find a clear differenciated pattern between both newspapers. In comparison to US media coverage average, Wall Street Journal underuse references to past nuclear accidents. The underuse ratio is higher concerning the most severe past nuclear accident (Chernobyl, Level 7 accident) than concerning references to Three Mile Island, which did not provoke direct human casualties. The opposite happens with New York Times coverage: it stresses the media references to past nuclear accidents, in ha higher extent than US newspapers. Similar results concerning references to past disasters from other nature. References to the A-bomb suffered by Japan in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. References to BP oil spill disaster in Gulf of Mexico in the context of Japan disaster are marginal in US media and WSJ, by they play a certain role in the NYT storyline. Finally, the reference to the precedent big earthquake suffered by Japan, Kobe 1995 quake is reported in a similar way both by WSJ and NYT. In this case, the reference to past Japanese tragedy is unrelated with the nuclear debate.

There is a crucial choice that influences the whole profiling of the storyline: the basic labeling of the event. In the newxt figure we show the weight given by the newspapers to different wording of what is happening in Fukushima nuclear plant I Daiichi.

According to our results, the most used labeling is to refer to Fukushima as a “nuclear crisis”. This labeling takes 4.7 points of media impact in the storyline of news about the Japan disaster. In relative terms, this is also a preferred way to present the events by Wall Street Journal journalists. Other naming are “nuclear disaster”, by far less present, with 1.1 points of media impact. This is again a preferred option for WSJ. Third used option is “nuclear accident” (0.4 points), and is the chosen formula by NYT in relative terms to other media (in absolute terms, the main reference is to consider it as a “nuclear crisis”. Final used option is “nuclear emergency” (0.2 points), most widely used by WSJ. We can appreciate that the reference to an objective event, which is the explosion, is refelcted in the news in the same way by noth newspapers.

We echoed in a precedent post the controversial description by a top official from the European Union of Fukushima as an apocalyptic event. Our results show that only marginal media attention is given by US newspapers, and that NYT tends to use is in a higher proportion. Similar result concerning the use of “nightmare”.

Next figure refers to the appeareance of main local Japanese and international actors and authorities related with the crisis. Main reference for US media is Tokyo Electric Power, the company managing the Fukushima nuclear plant. We have splitted mentions to full name and those referring to it as TEPCO. WSJ shows references to the comapny in line with US average, and apparently prefers to use TEPCO instead of full name, in relative terms. This absence of divergent pattern is paradoxically an unexpected result. As WSJ is a business oriented newspaper, we should expect to find a special focus and media attention to Tokyo Electric Power concerning all different aspects when covering this nuclear crisis. This does not happen actually, and we will see later that this absence of interest on TEPCO is in sharp contrast with the media interest shown by WSJ in all other economic and business impact derived from the Japan earthquake and tsunami.

Concerning Japanese authorities, we find that WSJ and NYT insist more than US average when talking about them as a group (“Japanese Government”, “Japanese authorities”), but in a lower extent when referring to persons (Prime Minister Edano, Chief Cabinet Kan). Finally, the reference to the International Atimic Energy Agency is lower than average for NYT and specially for WSJ. The ratio Japanese Government/IAEA is 1.2 for average US media, 1.9 for NYT and 3.6 for WSJ. The way reference to local and international authorities is made is probably also a key factor in designing the storyline.

Other references

News Corp Scandal Media Coverage in US Newspapers

How Harmful Is News of the World Scandal for News Corp Reputation?

Movimiento 15-M, Democracia Real Ya: Perception by Local Newspapers El Mundo, El País, Intereconomía, Público

Bin Laden Killing News Storyline 1. Pakistan Media Coverage versus International Media (Ex USA)

New York Times and Wall Street Journal Coverage of Japan Earthquake and Fukushima Nuclear Crisis (II) About The Nuclear Debate

Japan XIV. New York Times and Wall Street Journal Coverage of Japan Earthquake and Fukushima Nuclear Crisis (II)

Japan XIII. New York Times and Wall Street Journal Coverage of Japan Earthquake and Fukushima Nuclear Crisis (I)

Japan XII. Japan Prefectures Media Coverage. Relationship with Personnel and Property Casualties by Earthquake and Tsunami

Japan XI. Companies in Europe Most Affected by Japan Earthquake, Tsunami, Fukushima Nuclear Crisis, by Media Impact

Japan IX. Fukushima Nuclear Crisis Media Views in United States, United Kindgom, Australia and India.

Japan VIII. Wikileaks on Fukushima and the Japan Nuclear Crisis. Measurement of the Initial Media Storyline.

Japan VII. Fukushima as a Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster: Media References by Countries

Japan Prefectures Media Coverage. Relationship with Personnel and Property Casualties by Earthquake and Tsunami

In a precedent post we showed the time evolution of the media impact of the most affected cities in Japan by the earthquake, the tsunami and then the nuclear crisis, among cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. Our results showed that media attention to Fukushima nuclear crisis suspassed the media coverage about disaster in Sendai by Marh 12h, two days after the quake.

Now we show some elements concerning the media coverage given to Japanese prefectures affected by the earthquake and the tusnami. We will put our results about media impact in relation with actual damages. We use as source the official figures provided by the National Police Agency of Japan. This agency provides daily updates the damage situation concerning the number of killed and missing people by Prefecture, and other data about property damages. We are conscious that we are dealing in this post with tragedy and suffering when we use death toll as reference measure. We try to be very respectful, but we understand that showing this kind of empirical analysis can be useful for other researchers and scientists.

The list of prefectures included in our analysis pertain to the following regions: Hokkaido, Tohoku and Kanto. They refer to Prefectures 1 to 14 in the map (map by TheOtherJesse [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons; originally from Montydrei, English Wikipedia, with no copyright claims).

The following graph show the media impact reached by each Prefecture during the first week after the quake, in media in English in relation with the Japan eathquake.

The prefecture most present in the news as a such (in relation with the Prefecture) is Tokyo, with a media impact value of 3.89 (value 1 corresponds to the level of news received by the avearge of all 14 prefectures scrutinized). Second in importance by media coverage is Fukushima, with 3.63 points. Miyagi follows in third place, with 2.89 points. Other Prefectures with substantive levels of media attentiona are Iwate (1.33), Ibaraki (1.13) and Chiba (0.51).

Now we show these results in parallel with the number of human casualties and property damages in each prefecture.

As explained before, we use as reference the official number of casualties and damages provided by the National Police Agency of Japan (Emergency Disaster Countermeasues Headquarters). Our results indicate that the main Prefectures by media coverage have suffered practically all personnel casualties. They are concentrated in Fukushima, Miyagi and Iwate. Tokyo is the main reference in terms of media coverage, but has suffered the earthquake consequences only marginally by comparison (7 people killed). Tokyo is media reference because of capitality and being the most populous city affected by the disaster. Ibaraki receives also more media attention than the number of casualties suffered; this will be explained when referring to propoerty damages. In the opposite side, Iwate Prefecture is less present in the media than the actual personal damages suffered.

Next figure compares media coverage to the extent of property damages. In some Prefectures this measure is in line with the death toll and missing people, but Toguichi and Ibaraki supported relevant material damages with a reduced number of human victims.

Iwate Prefecture concentrates the highest number of properties classified as totally collapsed (74.7% of all cases). Again, we find that this Prefecture has suffered a devastation which has not received the same amount of media coverage than other Prefectures. Media coverage received by Ibaraki, Chiba and Toguichi is explained by physical devastation, while we showed in the precedent figure that they were basically spared from human casualties.

We have analyzed the global relationship between media coverage received by the 14 Prefectures during the first week and the extent of the human casualties and damages to property. We have excluded from the analysis the case of Tokyo, as it behaves as an outlier. We have estimated simple correlations.

Death toll appears to be the main driver of media coverage to Japan disaster. The combined number of killed and missed persons reaches a correlation coefficient of 0.80. Looking at the relationship between media coverage and property damages, we find that the relation is stronger concerning collapsed homes, totally or partially, than for partially damages houses. This is probably reflecting the fact that media attention turned to devastation caused by the tsunami, rather than the direct impact of the earthquake.

If we use mixed measures of personnel and property damages, the relationship with media coverage is not improved.

Other references

Japan XIII. New York Times and Wall Street Journal Coverage of Japan Earthquake and Fukushima Nuclear Crisis (I)

Japan XII. Japan Prefectures Media Coverage. Relationship with Personnel and Property Casualties by Earthquake and Tsunami

Japan XI. Companies in Europe Most Affected by Japan Earthquake, Tsunami, Fukushima Nuclear Crisis, by Media Impact

Japan IX. Fukushima Nuclear Crisis Media Views in United States, United Kindgom, Australia and India.

Japan VII. Fukushima as a Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster: Media References by Countries

Companies in Europe Most Affected by Japan Earthquake, Tsunami, Fukushima Nuclear Crisis, by Media Impact

Update March 27: the list with the American companies most affectd by the Japanese disaster and the nuclear crisis has been published in a new post.

This blog is mainly oriented to provide empirical results concerning the impact of Wikileaks in terms of media reputation. In precedent posts we showed which where the companies most exposed to Wikileaks crisis in terms of media impact in America and Europe.

Now we use a similar technique to show to the readers of this post which are the companies most affected by the Japanese disaster. This first post in this business oriented series refers to companies from Europe. Companies monitored are those included in Europe Stoxx 600 Index. Future posts will refer to American and Asian companies.

Our European Companies Media Impact about Japan disaster is calculated with news worldwide referring to Japan earthquake or Fukushima nuclear crisis up to March 20 2011. A media impact value 1.0 means that this company has received an amount of news linked to Japan disaster in an equal number that the average 600 companies listed in the Stoxx 600 Index.

Some companies are most affected by the tsunami, and others by the nuclear crisis and its implications. We show in column 4 and 5 in the table if media coverage refers mostly to one event or the other. Three stars indicate that in comparison to average, this company is strongly associated to one of the events. Two stars also reflect a high bias to one of the events, but lower than the first case.

According to our results, the company from Europe most afected, at least in terms of media coverage is Royal Dutch-Shell, with 43.2 points of media value. This means that Royal Dutch has appeared in the media in news related to Japanese disasters 43 times more than the average of all companies checked. Second company in the list is French EDF (34.3 points), followed by Lufthansa (34.1 points).

First companies in the list are mailny affected by the nuclear crisis and operate in the energy industry. As the crisis is still open, their media exposure will continue to grow. We find many financial and insurance companies between position 5 and 20. They are all oriented to earthquake and tsunami news.

Other references

Japan XIII. New York Times and Wall Street Journal Coverage of Japan Earthquake and Fukushima Nuclear Crisis (I)

Japan XII. Japan Prefectures Media Coverage. Relationship with Personnel and Property Casualties by Earthquake and Tsunami

Japan XI. Companies in Europe Most Affected by Japan Earthquake, Tsunami, Fukushima Nuclear Crisis, by Media Impact

Japan IX. Fukushima Nuclear Crisis Media Views in United States, United Kindgom, Australia and India.

Japan VII. Fukushima as a Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster: Media References by Countries

Fukushima Nuclear Crisis Media Views from United States, United Kingdom, Australia and India

This new post also analizes media coverage about the current Fukusuhima nuclear crisis concerning elements of its storyline, similar to precedent post. Media from all over the world are presenting Fukushima events in cover page news. The potential extent of the disaster and the present high degree of incertitude captures media attention worldwide. But this Japanese crisis is perceived to some extent a crisis with local ramifications in each country, in different ways: some countries are concerned by their nationals staying in Japan and about possible evacuation plans, there is also concern about the impact of radioactive clouds, or the presence of radioativity from people and goods coming from Japan. There is finally a huge concern about security of local nuclear plants, and in general about national nuclear policies in countries using nuclear power.

We show in this post a comparative analysis of the media storyline about the Fukushima crisis concerning some of the elements of the discourse. We have chosen the media from the following four countries: United States, United Kingdom, Australia and India. We count with countries from four continents. Three of them use profusely nuclear power, while Australia does not use this source of energy.

We indicate in the following figure the number of news about Fukushima nuclear crisis from newspapers in each country included in our sample. The analysis of storyline is based in the content analysis of all these news. We count with more than 50,000 different news published by US newspapers. This is tenfold the number of press appaerances from United Kingdom and Australia. We have more than 1,700 news from media in India.

The interpretation of the results is as follows: we check the news content from every country, looking for the same storyline components. For each country we measure afterwards the weight that each component has in the national media steolyline. Weights among countries are thus strictly comparable. A higher weight in a country in comparison to other countries reflect that this country is using more extensively this component in relative terms to construct the Fukushima storyline.

We show some empirical examples in the following graphs. By consulting the results it will appear clear that in general the storyline followed in four countries from four different continents follows basically the same basic trend. Even if media are completely independent, facts about Fukushima crisis are essentially explained in the same way in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and India. It is a result that we should expect. The absence of surprising results concerning expected results is in fact an empirical test and proof about the reliability of the methodology that we propose as a way to identify the storyline of events with substantial media impact and its evolution in time. This result also gives robustness to the interpretation of departing cases from the common trend: given the fact that in general all countries share the same storyline, when media of a specific country depart from common pattern insisting more or less in a specific point, then it is reasonable to assume that media from this country have own local reasons to react differently to average concerning this issue.

First figure shows how the references to past nuclear accidents or bombing (Hiroshima) are introduced in the news about Fukushima. Chernobyl is the main reference in all cases, followed by Three Mile Island and Hiroshima. This is an indirect way to estimate how media compares the seriousness of the actual crisis. References to a Level 7 (Chernobyl) crisis triple references to Level 5 accident (Three Mile Island). Only today Thursday 18 March the Japanese NISA has raised the evaluation of the Fukushima nuclear accident from Level 4 to Level 5. IAEA agrees in the update.

We can also observe that media in India and Australia are much more sensitive to past nuclear accidents than media from United States and United Kindgom.

Second figure shows the relative presence in the storyline of some of the main issues related with the nuclear crisis at this point. We have chosen five elements, and we find that they share basically the same importance in news content. Explosion, meltdown, radioactive and evacuated are all issues which media impact in Fukushima news search 6-8 points. Only radiation takes a significative higher position, attaining 11 points of media impact.

Looking for national media preferences, we find that US media insist more on radioactive and meltdown, UK media refers more to meltdown and evacuation, India media is by far more sensitive to radiation and radiactive issues. Australia focus in evacuation.

In a precedent post we showed the time evolution of some of these storyline elements.

Third figure contains a key element in the construction of all the storyline skeleton. In answer the question Fukushima is a “nuclear what” according to the media? The result we show here refer to news published from the begining of the emergence of the problems. Up to this point, Fukushima is mainly described as a “nuclear crisis” (4.1 points of media impact). This is no more a simple “nuclear crisis” (0.5 points of media impact) as it could be considered in some countries in the early stages of the nuclear problem, but according to media views, it is no yet a “nuclear disaster” (1.0 points). The relative weight of each one of these storyline components evolves in time, as we have shown in a precedent post, and provides many useful insights.

In this moment, there are only marginal references to Fukushima as an apocalyptic event, despite the statement made few days ago in this sense by the Energy Commissioner Guenther Oettinger from the European Union. Only minor references also to “nuclear tragedy”.

In international comparison, United States media prefer to use the wording “nuclear crisis”, “nuclear disaster” and “nuclear accident” is more used in India. United Kindom and Australia refer to it profusely as a “nuclear emergency”.

Next three figures refer to the sources used by the media covering the nuclear crisis. First one represents the weight given to news agencies. In contrast with precedent examples, we do not observe here a common use of news sources, and it’s apparently very oriented by national considerations. Local news agency Kyodo is the main reference for Australia media. It is the second source for all other countries. Preferred source for United States media is Associated Press, Reuters in England and India. AFP plays a relevant role for Australian media but not for the other countries. Business orinted news provider american Bloomber plays a marginal role, and it is used mainly by US newspapers.

Next figure shows results concerning leading newspapers and TV broadcasters. Main reference here is local Japanese public TV NHK, as many public announcements are aired by this source. BBC is by far the main reference for United Kindgom media (1.2 points of media impact), and is followed far away by the local newspaper The Guardian (0.17 points). In the United States, NHK is the basic reference, followed at a big distance by CNN and New York Times. Media from Australia rely on NHK, and then BBC (we have not included in this sample local Australian newspapers). India also prefers BBC to CNN and New York Times.

Comparing data from figures 4 and 5 we observe that only NHK is used as source as many times as leading news agencies.

Third figure about sources considers reference to social media. The leading reference is Twitter. Facebook follows, and is even the reference for traditional media from Australia. Google comes third in all countries. Youtube plays a minor role by comparison in terms of reference used by newspapers. We find finally that references to email are some 6-10 times higher than for sms.

Other references

Other references

Japan XIII. New York Times and Wall Street Journal Coverage of Japan Earthquake and Fukushima Nuclear Crisis (I)

Japan XII. Japan Prefectures Media Coverage. Relationship with Personnel and Property Casualties by Earthquake and Tsunami

Japan XI. Companies in Europe Most Affected by Japan Earthquake, Tsunami, Fukushima Nuclear Crisis, by Media Impact

Japan IX. Fukushima Nuclear Crisis Media Views in United States, United Kindgom, Australia and India.

Japan VIII. Wikileaks on Fukushima and the Japan Nuclear Crisis. Measurement of the Initial Media Storyline.

Japan VII. Fukushima as a Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster: Media References by Countries

Japan VI. Fukushima Second Explosion Media Perception Compared to First Blast

Japan V. Japan Earthquake Media Impact by Cities

Japan IV. Fukushima Nuclear Crisis Media Coverage Evolution

Fukushima as a Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster: Media References by Countries

(Update: see new post about time evolution of Chernobyl media coverage in Fukushima news)

Nuclear disaster appears right now as unavoidable. From the very beginning of the nuclear problems is Fukushima nuclear plant I at Daiichi there have been references to main historical nuclear accidental disasters: Three Mile Island plant and Chernobyl nuclear plant. Opposed to these references, there have been many calls from officials and experts in the initial days ensuring that those references are too extreme and should not be reached in this Japanese emergency.

According to the National and Industrial Safety Agency (NISA) from Japan, the Fukushima incident was estimated a Level 4 incident according to the INES scale, yet by Sunday March 13th. By Wednesdat March 16th, this is still the official estimation of the extent of the damages, also confirmed as Level 4 by IAEA. By Tuesday March 15th, the French ASN estimated the incident as being a Level 6. Chernobyl was considered a level 7 nuclear accident, the maximum value in the scale. The timeline of the nuclear problems in Fukushima and the INES evaluations can be followed at Wikipedia. Many news since early Tuesday suggest that Fukushima nuclear disaster is clearly something more serious than an “accident with local consequences” (INES definition of Level 4) and reminds clearly a Chernobyl “major accident” (INES definition of Level 7).

We show in this post how local media in each country is referring to the Chernobyl disaster in the storyline of the Fukushima disaster. We have included some selected countries. In order to ensure meaning to the results, we impose that we count for every selected country at least with 30 different news about Fukushima.

First graph refers to countries in Europe. Some missing countries will come later. According to our results, the country that insists the most for conecting Fukushima case with Chernobyl disaster is France media. Remember that from French nuclear watchdog organisation came the call to consider Fukushima as a Level 6 nuclear problem. Other countries insisting more in the Chernobyl relation are ireland, Czech Republic and United Kingdom.

Concerning the countries from America we find that US media is the country insisting the most, but to a lower extent than France.

Final figure depicts the Asian and Oceania cases. We find in this region the countries most sensitives to the reminder to Chernobyl disaster when publishing news about Fukushima. Leading reference is Pakistan, a nuclear power. Highly sensistive are also Australia and New Zealand, and neighbour Philippines and Malaysia.

Other Posts

Japan XVII. Chernobyl and Three Mile Island References in News About Fukushima Nuclear Crisis

Japan VIII. Wikileaks on Fukushima and the Japan Nuclear Crisis. Measurement of the Initial Media Storyline.

Japan VII. Fukushima as a Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster: Media References by Countries

Japan VI. Fukushima Second Explosion Media Perception Compared to First Blast